AICP Exam Prep - Theories/Movements Exam Question and Answer 2023

Ladder of Participation - Sherry Arnstein, Bottom of ladder {non participation - Manipulation, Therapy.} Middle of ladder {Degrees of Tokensim - Informing, Consultation, Placation} Top of ladder {Degrees of Citizen Power - Partnership, Delegated Power, Citizen Control} Types of Planning Theory - 1. Theories of Urban Development (how cities grow). 2. Theories of Planning Practice (How planners perform their work). Theories of Urban Development - Patterns within a city {Concentric Circle, Sector, Multi-Nuclei} Size and spacing of cites {Central Place} Concentric Circle Theory - Theory of urban development. Developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess and Robert Park in 1925. Invasion and succession - growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. Cities grow in rings, land uses are based on distance from downtown, 5 rings in his theory: 1. CBD 2. Industrial 3. Transition (industry & low income) 4. Blue collar homes 5. White Collar homes Sector Theory - Theory of urban development. Developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. Hoyt was a realtor. Land uses vary based on transportation routes, not just from CBD. City is a series of sectors radiating out from center. Industry follows rail lines, high end residential follows pretty streets or lakefront, commercial follows thoroughfares. Multiple Nuclei Theory - Theory of urban development. Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 in article called 'Nature of Cities' Similar industries with common land use and financial requirements will est. near each other, other uses will cluster due to land prices, repelling power of other uses, etc. The number and kind of nuclei mark growth. Theory formed based on idea of increased movement due to increased car ownership.