Edexcel A-Level Geography- Migration, Sovereignty and Identity 2023 Update

Forced migration - ANSWER-Event caused evacuation (Japan Earthquake 2011) Asylum seeker/refugee - ANSWER-Fear of persecution from war or political climate Voluntary migration - ANSWER-Mostly movement for income and jobs Globalisation impact on migration - ANSWER-Social = internet/social media raises job opportunities and viable locations Political = Trade bloc (movement) and human rights (ayslum) Economic = global shift affected the flux of jobs and easier movement of money China urban migration - ANSWER-Export processing zones fed by TNCs and FDI drive rural people to work in cities (1979 SEZs) 100 million migrated to cities Better jobs and education (pull) Left poor serviceless areas (push) Gravity Model - ANSWER-As size of urban areas increase, there would be movement between them Push pull theory - ANSWER-Neoclassical economic; based on individuals cost-benefit analysis decision to migrate Lees Model - ANSWER-Neoclassical economic; push-pull with "personal intervening obstacles" New economics of Labour migration - ANSWER-Neoclassical economic; Migrations decisions made by collective household not the individual. About economic diversification to reduce risks, includes remittances Neoclassical economic problems - ANSWER-Ignores complexity of migration - only focuses on economic motives Fails to explain immobility paradox (3.25% of World population are migrants) Mobility Transition Model - ANSWER-Modernisation school; All societies progress with similar development, effecting patterns of immigration/emigration Mobility Transition Model problems - ANSWER-Assumption that modern is better and would continue to have the same effects on migration (rural areas since 1960s have unanticipated benefits) Dual Labour Market Theory - ANSWER-Dependency School; Continues...