EAQ 2 - RESP. FAILURE, ARDS,VENTILATOR Lewis's Chapters 16, 65, 67 Q&A 2023 A+

Which is the normal ventilation to perfusion (V/Q) ratio? Record your answer using a whole number. - ANS-1 Rationale A match of ventilation and perfusion would result in a V/Q ratio of 1:1, which is expressed as V/Q = 1. When the match is not 1:1, a V/Q mismatch occurs. p. 1589 Which medication helps to treat infection in a patient with acute respiratory failure? Propofol Albuterol Fentanyl Azithromycin - ANS-Rationale Antibiotics like azithromycin help to prevent infections. Propofol is a sedative and analgesic drug mainly administered to mechanically ventilated patients in respiratory failure. Albuterol is a bronchodilator that reduces bronchospasm and helps to promote alveolar ventilation. Fentanyl is an opioid used to decrease pain and anxiety. Which pathophysiologic processes occur during the fibrotic phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Select all that apply. Remodeled lung Deceased lung compliance Impairment of gas exchange Development of pulmonary edema Formation of hyaline membranes - ANS-Rationale The fibrotic phase, also known as the chronic or late phase of ARDS, occurs two to three weeks post-lung injury. The lung is completely remodeled by this time with dense and fibrous tissues. The scarring and fibrosis result in the decrease of lung compliance. Impairment in gas exchange is significant because the interstitium is fibrotic in nature. Pulmonary edema occurs in the initial exudative phase of ARDS as the alveolarpulmonary capillary membrane permeability increases and fluid leaks into the alveoli. Formation of hyaline membranes also occurs in the exudative phase as necrotic cells, proteins, and fibrin line the alveoli, forming membranes that slow gas exchange. An arterial oxygen value (PaO 2) less than which number in millimeters of mercury indicates hypoxemic respiratory failure when a patient is receiving an inspired oxygen concentration of more than 60%? Record your answer using a whole number. - ANS-60 Rationale Hypoxemic respiratory failure is commonly defined as a PaO 2 of less than 60 mm Hg when the patient is receiving an inspired oxygen concentration of 60% or more. This definition incorporates two important concepts: first, the PaO 2 level indicates inadequate oxygen in the arterial blood; second, this PaO 2 level exists despite administration of supplemental oxygen at a percentage (60%) that is about three times that in room air (21%). Which benefits does noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) have over other artificial airways? Select all that apply... Continues...