NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST (221.222.245) questions with complete solutions 2023

NYSTCE Multi-Subject CST (221.222.245) questions with complete solutions 2023Prereading All knowledge, skills and experience that come before conventional literacy. Students gain oral vocabulary, learn sentence structure, develop phonological awareness Running record An assessment which measures a child' fluency during oral reading Phonological awareness an awareness of the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words; it is a broad term that includes identifying and making rhymes, recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words, identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables. Phonemic Awareness The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds, in oral language. 5 Major Types of Tasks to develop Phonemic Awareness 1. Recognize sets of works have similar sounds (identifying rhyming words in a sentence) 2. Learn to examine a set of words to determine which is not like the others, oddity task) 3. Learn how to blend sounds to create words 4. Divide words into their phonemes (segmenting words) and count the number of sounds in a word 5. Learn how to manipulate the sounds in a word by substituting or deleting one or many phonemes Print Concept Understanding how text works to communicate a message. Includes handing of books and orientation of text. Ways to facilitate print concepts Combining movement activities to convey bottom, top side. Teach the parts of a book. Experiences with different fonts and text sizes and the different meanings they have. Spacing. Writing exercises. Use of meta-language to descibe books. Alphabet Recognition being able to identify the letters of the alphabet both capital and lowercase when asked to do so Alphabetic principle the relationship between letters or combinations of letters (graphemes) and sounds (phonemes) Short Vowel sounds every vowel has two sounds, the vocal cords are more relaxed when producing the short vowel sound because of this the sounds are often referred to as lax. They can be heard at the beginning of these words: apple, Ed, igloo, octopus, and umbrella. Digraph n. A union of two characters representing a single sound. Diphthong n. The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds. CVC consonant-vowel-consonant pattern which produces a short vowel sound or a closed syllable. Consonant Clusters - also called blends - Consonants that occur side by side within the same syllable. -No intervening vowel sound Phonics the study of the sounds of the letters of the alphabet Phonograms Often called word families, these end in high frequency rimes that vary only in the beginning consonant sound to make a word. For example, back, sack, black and track. Onset the part of a syllable that comes before the vowel (e.g., str in string) Rime The vowel and the ending consonants after the onset Semantic Cues Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole. Children use their prior knowledge, sense of the story, and pictures to support their predicting and confirming the meaning of the text.