NYU Pharmacology Final Exam With Complete Solution

NYU Pharmacology Final Exam With Complete Solution acetylcholinesterase inhibitors mechanism of action - ANSWER these drugs prevent cholinesterase enzymes from breaking down acetylcholine to remain in the synaptic cleft for longer periods of time, thereby strenghthening its effect. pneumonic for remembering adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs - ANSWER Blind as a bat (dilated pupils) Red as a beet (vasodilation/flushing) Hot as a hare (hyperthermia) Dry as a bone (dry skin) Mad as a hatter (hallucinations/agitation) Bloated as a Toad (ileus, urinary retention) And the heart runs alone (tachycardia) Side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - ANSWER vasodilation, pupil constriction, decreased heart rate, mucus secretion, constriction of bronchioles, increased secretion of sweat, saliva and tears, GI tract hypermotility. Certain drugs target the central nervous system and can cause heightened cognition as well. Primary Indications for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - ANSWER Alzheimers and Dementia. Specifically cognitive functions. Indications for acetylcisteine - ANSWER when inhaled it is used to loosen mucus in lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, emphysema cystic fibrosis and pneumonia. when taken orally it acts as an antidote to acetaminophen overdose, preventing liver damage Side effects of acetylcisteine - ANSWER inhalation: mouth sores and runny nose. orally: severe stomach pain, black stools, vomit that looks like coffee ground Acetaminophen drug type - ANSWER antipyretic, non-opioid analgesic Indications of Acetaminophen - ANSWER fever, mild to moderate pain Acetaminophen mechanism of action - ANSWER inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins tha t may serve as mediators of pain and fever, and effects hypothalamic heat-regulator center Nursing considerations for acetaminophen (paracetamol) - ANSWER do not administer more than 4000mg in 24 hours Contraindications for acetaminophen - ANSWER should not be given to patients with sever hepatic problems, and administered cautiously to patients with high alcohol use. side effects of acetaminophen - ANSWER hepatoxicity in overdoses, constipation, skin reactions (steven johnson syndrome), vomiting Indications for activated charcoal - ANSWER used to treat poison or overdose mechanism of action for activated charcoal - ANSWER excessive drugs and toxins bind to activated charcoal and are then more easily excreted indications for albuterol - ANSWER used as a bronchodilator to to control or treat reversible airway obstruction caused by Asthma or COPD. mechanism of action for albuterol - ANSWER binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle airways, causing a decrease in intracellular calcium, thus relaxing the smooth muscle and opening the airway. Side/adverse effects of albuterol - ANSWER paradoxical bronchospasm (if used to much), nervousness, tremors, restlessness, palpitations, chest pain. Nursing consideration for albuterol - ANSWER focused respiratory assessment before administration. If patient presents with paradoxical bronchospasm then discontinue immediately medication classification for allopurinol - ANSWER antigout, antihyperuremics indications for allopurinol - ANSWER prevents gouty arthritis and nephropathy. Can also treat secondary hyperuricemia during leukemia or treatment of tumors mechanism of action for allopurinol - ANSWER inhibits the production of uric acid by inhibiting the production of xanthine oxidase Contraindications of allopurinol - ANSWER acute cases of gout, renal insufficiency, dehydration side/adverse effects of allopurinol - ANSWER rash, renal failure, hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, heart failure, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, hepatitis, diarrhea, hematuria, bone marrow depression nursing considerations for allopurinol - ANSWER discontinue at first sign of rash. monitor renal functions, blood glucose levels ensure proper renal function and hydration before administration. Hydration promotes diuresis and alkalization of urine. monitor for joint pain and swelling. May provide NSAIDS to prevent pain during treatment. Serum and urine uric levels should decrease 2-3 days after beginning oral therapy. Used mostly in patients with Renal impairment or if unresponsive to uricosurics indications for aminophylline - ANSWER to treat or prevent constricted airways in diseases like asthma or COPD mechanism of action of aminophylline - ANSWER relaxes muscles around the bronchiole tube causing them to dilate and free up airway. Nursing considerations for aminophylline - ANSWER do not use on patients who consume alot of xanthine through products like chocolate or caffeine. Therapeutic range is 10-20 mcg/ml given with other drugs administration routes for aminophylline - ANSWER oral, IV contraindications for aminophylline - ANSWER should not be given to patients with renal, cardiac, liver, neurological disorders side effects/adverse effects of aminophylline - ANSWER disrhythmias, palpitations,