BTEC Level 3 Animal Management - Animal Biology Question and answer rated A +

BTEC Level 3 Animal Management - Animal Biology Question and answer rated A +urine storage - the bladder can hold up to one pint of urine comfortably - Bladder has three layers. Epithelial, Muscular and Fibrous the ureter - small tube about 25cm long - carries the urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder - layers are fibrous, muscular and epithelial loop of henle - sodium and chlorine ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb which reduces water potential in the tissue fluid - loss of water - increases sodium and chlorine ions reabsorption - substances that enter the nephron are not all excreted but flow back into the blood - occurs with electrolytes, amino acids, glucose & water - occurs in the loop of Henle or the proximal and distal tubules Filtration - kidneys produce urine by glomerular filtration - blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure forcing substances across the endothelial-capsular membrane into the nephron the kidneys - found in the abdominal cavity - responsible for regulation of fluids and excretion of toxic substances urea - produces in the liver from deamination of amino acids - transported in the blood to the kidneys where it is excreted into urine nephritis - inflammation of the kidney - caused by infections and toxins - mostly caused by autoimmune disorders that affect the major organs liver cirrhosis - chronic, end of stage liver disease - normal liver tissue has been replaced by fibrous scar tissue - can lead to cancer, viral bacterial and fungal infections heart murmur - a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin - The most common cause of an acquired heart murmur in the dog is a condition in which the mitral valve becomes thickened and begins leaking Von Willibrand the most common inherited bleeding disorder of both humans and dogs. It is caused by a deficiency in the amount of a specific protein needed to help platelets (the blood cells used in clotting) stick together and form clots to seal broken blood vessels. Seizures - The sudden attack or recurrence of a disease - A single episode of epilepsy, often named for the type it represents - Causes: an inherited disorder, but its exact cause is unknown. Other causes include liver disease, kidney failure, brain tumours, brain trauma, or toxins. .. Listeriosis - vomiting, diarrhoea and fever are most common. - Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, - more common in domestics animals (domestic mammals and poultry), especially cows. - The bacteria lives in the soil and in poorly made silage, and is acquired by ingestion. myelopathy - a progressive disease of the spinal cord in older dogs. - The disease has an insidious onset typically between 8 and 14 years of age. -It begins with a loss of coordination in the hind limbs. - The affected dog will wobble when walking, knuckle over or drag the feet ruminant any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments tapetum lucidum Iridescent layer found in nocturnal animals for maximizing vision under low intensity light Lungs in birds permit oxygen exchange on both inhalation and exhalation, are rigid, and have a relatively large surface area Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO8) Combination of Haemoglobin and O2 Haemoglobin The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells. Oxymyoglobin bright red Myoglobin An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. Bohr effect - stablise the haemoglobin in the tense conformation, thus reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhancing the relase of oxygen to the tissues. The factors include, increase temperature, and decreased pH. Note that the Bohr effect shifts the oxyhaemoglobin saturation curve to the right. Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF) the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and persists in the newborn until roughly 2-4 months old. Peroxisomes break down fatty acids ribosomes synthesise proteins found in the ends of the rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes contains digestive enzymes that digest food particles cilia helps to make a cell or group of cells help transport fluid or materials past them