ASU BIO 181 Exam 2 Questions with complete solutions

ASU BIO 181 Exam 2 Questions with complete solutions Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur? T/F The cell does not need ATP to survive. Where is carbon dioxide produced? T/F The citric acid/Kreb's cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2. T/F FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle. Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb's cycle occur? Glycolysis requires the investment of two_________ in order to obtain a gross output of four ________ . Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system? T/F Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system. T/F You should have your appendix removed whenever possible. How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system?. If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________. T/F Having a fever of 100 Fahrenheit can help you fight off infections. T/F Mast cells release histamine. When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating "self", this is called ______________. Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them. T/F A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it T/F Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow. T/F Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information. T/F Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________. T/F Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found. T/F There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node. T/F The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system. T/F Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. T/F Memory cells "remember" the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. T/F Red blood cells are a part of the immune system T/F Memory cells "remember" the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. T/F In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells B and T cells are called lymphocytes In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to: Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to ______________ released by some cells of the immune system. T/F Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side. The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________. Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems. Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made? When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can't make them they are called ___________________ ___________________ ___________________. List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous. List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food. What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels? How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach? Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile? Name the main enzyme in the stomach. T/F If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet. 90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where? The digestive track begins with the ___________________ and the first enzyme added is ___________________. Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers. Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism? Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption. In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas? The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called? Which enzyme unwraps the double helix? icase Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3' strand? The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1¾ times around which of these components? During DNA replication in the lagging strand there is production of this component? For DNA Polymerase III to work, which of these components has to act first? T/F DNA mutation is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. Which strand is produced more rapidly? T/F Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel. T/F Uridine is a nucleotide in DNA. T/F Replication of DNA is semi-conservative. T/F The DNA polymerase that replicates the parental strand of DNA reads the parental DNA from 5' to 3" and makes a new DNA strand from 3' to 5'. T/F DNA replication in eukaryotes is sped up by multiple origins of replication. T/F Messenger RNA is double stranded. T/F The genetic code for the conversion of mRNA codons to proteins has redundancy. The light reactions produce [x] and [y] and this process also results in the release of [z]. The Calvin-Benson cycle takes in [x] and [y] from the light reaction and also [z] to make carbohydrates. The antenna system is in the _________ membranes. The most abundant protein in the world is called __________. Protein synthesis changes from the language of [x] to the language of [y]. During mRNA maturation what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed? In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon? Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. How many 5' ends would there be? Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA? Draw the sugar in DNA and label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA. There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either or . Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3' strand? In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is . RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. List them from beginning to end in order. How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide? T/F Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel? List one type of post-translational modification. Which sugar is present in RNA? T/F In the lagging stand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA's 3' to 5' end. For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first? In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with? T/F During DNA replication is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next? How many "stop" codons exist? List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids. List three items required for photosynthesis to occur.