BIOLOGIA
4. CELL STRUCTURE
The cell is the smallest unit of a living organism.
It can carry the 3 vital functions: nutrition,
reproduction and interaction. Since a long
time ago we know that the cells make up all
the living things, however, not all of them
are the same.
• BASIC STRUCTURE: all ceus contain:
• Plasma membrane: a thin and flexible cover
that separates the cell. It allows the entering
of substances and reacts to stimulli.
• Cytoplasm: a substance where the organelles
are located. Metabolism also takes place in
here.
• Genetic material : DNA is the cus genetic. It
is a complex substance that contains info.
about the functions (genetic info.)
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS: they are exclusive to the
· Monela kingdom. They measure around 1-10
um, and unicellulan. They have:
• Lange DNA molecule.cocated in the nucleoid
(sometime there are also plasmids)
• Cytoplasu no organelles, except for ribosomes
• Mesosomes (folds) -> more surface, metabolism
• Cell wall -) surrounds membrane - shape
• Protrusions -) -lagella & fibrae.
,• EUKARYOTIC CELLS: they belong in kindows Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia and Protoctisa. They can be
unicellular and multicellular and they measure
from 10 - 100 μm. They can have different
organelles. And different structures.
PLANT
ANIMAL
• all wall + chloroplast
• lange vacuoles
• No all wall or chlorop.
• No lange vacuoles
• Two centrioles.
• 40 centrioler
• nuclei off-center
• uncler in the center
• Cilia / Flagella.
• CELL NUCLEOUS : fukonyotic cells have their DNA
Surrounded by membrace (nucleous) During the
interphase the nucleous is more or less spherical
and it's located in the center of the cell. Its
Structure is:
Nuclean membrane: covered with 2 membranes
surrounded by ribosomes. It has pores to allow
the exchange of substances.
Nucleoplasm: liquid inside
-D Nucleolus: donker than the rest. Where the
components of the ribosomes are created.
-D Chromatin: where ONA filaments and
proteins are stored. During division, it coudenses
to chromosomes
The functions of the nucleous are: containing the
information that coordinates our actions an
, ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOPIC. CELLS
immer
membrane
subunits
is
vesicles
S
MITOCHONDRIA: it is responsible for
celulan respiration. It burns
uutrients with O and realses
CO and energy.
X. cristal
Outer
membrane
RIBOSOMES: they are the smallest
organelles, and they manufacture
proteins.
GOLGI APARATUS: it is a set of
flat membrane sacks that releases
vessicles. It collects substances
und transports them throughout
vessicles.
ENDOPLASMATIC RETICULUM: it is
a set of connected Sass and
channels. In the membrane
ane some ribosomes. It stores or
transport the proteins created by the
ribosomes attached to it.
there
LYSOSOMES (VESSICLES): Lysosomes are
formed in the golgi apparatus. They
one vessicles with digestive substances
Lys. perforu digestion (decompose
substances to obtain uutrients).
other vessicles - other functions
4. CELL STRUCTURE
The cell is the smallest unit of a living organism.
It can carry the 3 vital functions: nutrition,
reproduction and interaction. Since a long
time ago we know that the cells make up all
the living things, however, not all of them
are the same.
• BASIC STRUCTURE: all ceus contain:
• Plasma membrane: a thin and flexible cover
that separates the cell. It allows the entering
of substances and reacts to stimulli.
• Cytoplasm: a substance where the organelles
are located. Metabolism also takes place in
here.
• Genetic material : DNA is the cus genetic. It
is a complex substance that contains info.
about the functions (genetic info.)
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS: they are exclusive to the
· Monela kingdom. They measure around 1-10
um, and unicellulan. They have:
• Lange DNA molecule.cocated in the nucleoid
(sometime there are also plasmids)
• Cytoplasu no organelles, except for ribosomes
• Mesosomes (folds) -> more surface, metabolism
• Cell wall -) surrounds membrane - shape
• Protrusions -) -lagella & fibrae.
,• EUKARYOTIC CELLS: they belong in kindows Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia and Protoctisa. They can be
unicellular and multicellular and they measure
from 10 - 100 μm. They can have different
organelles. And different structures.
PLANT
ANIMAL
• all wall + chloroplast
• lange vacuoles
• No all wall or chlorop.
• No lange vacuoles
• Two centrioles.
• 40 centrioler
• nuclei off-center
• uncler in the center
• Cilia / Flagella.
• CELL NUCLEOUS : fukonyotic cells have their DNA
Surrounded by membrace (nucleous) During the
interphase the nucleous is more or less spherical
and it's located in the center of the cell. Its
Structure is:
Nuclean membrane: covered with 2 membranes
surrounded by ribosomes. It has pores to allow
the exchange of substances.
Nucleoplasm: liquid inside
-D Nucleolus: donker than the rest. Where the
components of the ribosomes are created.
-D Chromatin: where ONA filaments and
proteins are stored. During division, it coudenses
to chromosomes
The functions of the nucleous are: containing the
information that coordinates our actions an
, ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOPIC. CELLS
immer
membrane
subunits
is
vesicles
S
MITOCHONDRIA: it is responsible for
celulan respiration. It burns
uutrients with O and realses
CO and energy.
X. cristal
Outer
membrane
RIBOSOMES: they are the smallest
organelles, and they manufacture
proteins.
GOLGI APARATUS: it is a set of
flat membrane sacks that releases
vessicles. It collects substances
und transports them throughout
vessicles.
ENDOPLASMATIC RETICULUM: it is
a set of connected Sass and
channels. In the membrane
ane some ribosomes. It stores or
transport the proteins created by the
ribosomes attached to it.
there
LYSOSOMES (VESSICLES): Lysosomes are
formed in the golgi apparatus. They
one vessicles with digestive substances
Lys. perforu digestion (decompose
substances to obtain uutrients).
other vessicles - other functions
