TEST BANK FOR HUMAN ANATOMY, 8TH EDITION FREDERIC H. MARTINI MICHAEL J. TIMMONS, MORAINE VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE ROBERT B. TALLITSCH

TEST BANK FOR HUMAN ANATOMY, 8TH EDITION FREDERIC H. MARTINI MICHAEL J. TIMMONS, MORAINE VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE ROBERT B. TALLITSCH. The Skeletal System: Axial Division 7. The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division 8. The Skeletal System: Articulations 9. The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 10. The Muscular System: Axial Musculature 11. The Muscular System: Appendicular Musculature 12. Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 13. The Nervous System: Neural Tissue 14. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 15. The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Pathways of the Spinal Cord 16. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 17. The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System 18. The Nervous System: General and Special Senses 19. The Endocrine System 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood 21. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 22. The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation 23. The Lymphoid System 24. The Respiratory System 25. The Digestive System 26. The Urinary System 27. The Reproductive System 28. The Reproductive System: Embryology and Human Development Human Anatomy,8e (Martini/Timmons/Tallitsch) Chapter 1 Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which is the most accurate statement? A) Historically, the relationship between superficial anatomy and internal function has always been understood. B) Many cellular functions were known decades before the electron microscope revealed the anatomical basis for those functions. C) Anatomy has always been known to reveal the relationship between body parts. D) Ancient anatomists only described surface anatomy. E) Ancient anatomists never understood the function of anatomical features. Section Title: Introduction 2) It is important to study the discipline of anatomy because A) it is important to understand the link between human structure and function. B) it provides information about both external and internal structures. C) it will assist individuals to make informed decisions about their personal health. D) it provides a basis for understanding more advanced courses in anatomy, physiology, and related disciplines. E) All of the answers are correct. Section Title: Introduction 3) Which of the following statements about anatomical information is correct? A) Anatomic information is all historical. B) It describes body parts and considers probable function. C) It addresses large body structures visible to the naked eye only. D) Physiology and anatomy are unrelated. E) The study of cells is useless to anatomy. Answer: B Section Title: Introduction 4) The branch of science that studies groups of cells and how they work together is called A) physiology. B) histology. C) anatomy. D) serology. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 5) Analysis of groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together is called A) cytology. B) physiology. C) histology. D) embryology. E) osteology. Answer: C Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 6) The anatomical specialty that refers to the study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called A) surface anatomy. B) comparative anatomy. C) medical anatomy. D) surgical anatomy. E) systemic anatomy. Answer: A Section Title: Gross Anatomy 7) Which type of anatomy refers to the study of all of the structures in a specific area of the body? A) surface anatomy B) regional anatomy C) systemic anatomy D) gross anatomy E) organismal anatomy Answer: B Section Title: Gross Anatomy 8) The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels is which of the following approaches? A) systemic anatomy B) regional anatomy C) developmental anatomy D) comparative anatomy E) gross anatomy Answer: A Section Title: Gross Anatomy 9) The study of structures through specialized imaging techniques such as ultrasounds or x-rays is called A) cytology. B) embryology. C) physiology. D) histology. E) radiography. Answer: E Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 10) Gross anatomical specialties include A) radiographic and surgical anatomy. B) cytology and embryology. C) histology. D) radiographic anatomy, surgical anatomy, cytology and embryology. E) cytology, histology and embryology. Answer: A Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 11) The largest level of organization listed is A) molecules. B) organelles. C) cells. D) tissues. E) organs. Answer: E Section Title: Levels of Organization 12) The inability of the heart to contract due to compression of surrounding fluid on the outside of the heart most directly involves which level of organization of body structures? A) chemical B) tissue C) organ D) cellular E) organism Section Title: Levels of Organization 13) Choose the arrangement of items 1-5 from most to least complex. (1) organism (2) tissue (3) chemical or molecular (4) cellular (5) organ system A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 D) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 E) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3 Section Title: Levels of Organization 14) The basic functions performed by all living organisms include(s) A) reproduction. B) metabolism. C) growth. D) movement. E) All of the answers are correct. Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 15) The vital property of living things that causes them to take certain actions in response to change is called A) movement. B) growth. C) responsiveness. D) metabolism. E) excretion. Answer: C Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 16) Which of the following are basic functions performed by all living organisms? A) responsiveness and growth B) movement, reproduction, and absorption C) metabolism and excretion D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: D Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 17) Excretion involves A) changes to adjust to an organism's environment. B) creation of a new generation of individuals. C) transport of substances within an organism. D) elimination of waste materials from the body. E) locomotion of the body. Answer: D Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 18) Growth and differentiation often include A) specialization of individual cells. B) increase in cell size. C) increase in cell numbers. D) changes in form and function. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 19) Support, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell formation are functions of the A) skeletal system. B) cardiovascular system. C) immune system. D) reproductive system. E) excretory system. Answer: A Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 20) Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems is the function of the A) integumentary system. B) endocrine system. C) urinary system. D) nervous system. E) reproductive system. Answer: D Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 21) The major function of the ________ system is protection of the body from the external environment. A) digestive B) cardiovascular C) urinary D) respiratory E) integumentary Answer: E Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 22) The primary site of blood cell production is within the A) cardiovascular system. B) skeletal system. C) integumentary system. D) lymphoid system. E) endocrine system. Answer: B Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 23) Organs of the urinary system include A) ureters and kidneys. B) liver and pancreas. C) thymus and spleen. D) bronchi and alveoli. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 24) Organs systems are A) anatomical units with related functions. B) formed by two or more organs. C) often large enough to be studied without magnification. D) interdependent on each other. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 25) In the prone position, A) the body faces posteriorly. B) the body is lying in anatomical position face up. C) the body is lying in anatomical position face down. D) the head is turned to the left, and the eyes are closed. E) the body is situated facing posteriorly and the eyes are open. Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 26) In anatomical position, a person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor. Additionally, the A) hands are raised above the head. B) hands are facing posteriorly. C) the hands a hanging naturally at the persons sides. D) hands are at the sides, and the palms face anteriorly. E) hands are facing laterally. Answer: D Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 27) A frontal section is in a plane that A) is at right angles to the longitudinal axis. B) divides the body into left and right sections. C) divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. D) divides the body into superior and inferior sections. E) divides the body into frontal sections. Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 28) Which of the following pairs consists of anatomical equivalents? A) distal, coronal B) proximal, lateral C) cranial, caudal D) cephalic, posterior E) anterior, ventral Answer: E Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 29) Why does the term caudal differ in meaning in humans versus four-legged animals (quadrupeds)? A) All human anatomical terms are different from those used for quadrupeds. B) Humans' upright stance makes caudal the same as inferior. C) Caudal is a relative term, meaning posterior in humans. D) It doesn't; the meaning is the same in both. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: B Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 30) Which of the following includes only structures enclosed within the mediastinum? A) lungs, esophagus, heart B) heart, trachea, lungs C) esophagus, trachea, thymus D) pharynx, thymus, major vessels E) brain, spinal cord Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 31) The serous membrane that lines the inside surface of the thoracic cavity is the A) visceral peritoneum. B) parietal pericardium. C) parietal pleura. D) visceral pericardium. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 32) The ________ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity. A) visceral pleura B) parietal pericardium C) mesentery proper D) superficial fascia E) parietal peritoneum Answer: E Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 33) Mesenteries A) provide a passageway for blood vessels to the abdominal organs. B) allow movement of abdominal structures. C) support and stabilize organs such as the kidneys. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 34) The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by A) the inferior border of the rib cage. B) a sheet of connective tissue. C) the diaphragm. D) the liver. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 35) The linings of both the oral and nasal cavities are A) mucous membranes. B) serous membranes. C) lymphoid tissues. D) contractile tissues. E) sheets of tendon. Answer: A Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 36) What is the function of the parietal parts of the membranes lining the body cavities? A) They secrete lubrication to allow organs to slide by one another without friction. B) They supply nutrients to the viscera within the various subdivisions of the cavity. C) They suspend organs from the mediastinum. D) They maintain organ separation. E) None of the answers are correct. Answer: A Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 37) The space found between the lungs and superior to the heart is called the A) mediastinum. B) pleural cavity. C) pericardial cavity. D) pelvic cavity. E) thoracic cavity. Answer: A Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 38) The pericardial cavity contains which of the following? A) heart B) liver C) intestines D) brain E) both the heart and the liver Answer: A Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 39) The viscera (or guts) occupy a space known as the ________ body cavity. A) cranial B) orbital C) dorsal D) ventral E) vertebral Answer: D Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 40) Which of the following organs occupies the pericardial cavity? A) trachea B) heart C) lungs D) esophagus E) thyroid gland Answer: B Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 41) Which of the following is considered a radiological procedure? A) CT (computerized tomography) B) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) C) ultrasound D) angiography E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: E Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 42) The two layers of a serous membrane are A) pericardial and parietal. B) double sheets of peritoneum. C) visceral and parietal. D) pleural and parietal. E) internal and external. Answer: C Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 43) A transverse section at the level of the nipple would pass through which body cavity(ies)? A) pleural cavities B) pericardial cavity C) abdominal cavity D) pelvic cavity E) both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity Answer: E Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 1.2 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) The study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts is ________. Answer: anatomy Section Title: Introduction 2) The study of anatomy leads to an important concept that structure determines ________. Answer: function Section Title: Introduction 3) The study of the smallest living units is called ________. Answer: cytology Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 4) The branch of anatomy that studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye is called ________ anatomy. Answer: microscopic Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 5) The discipline that might examine structural interactions within a sheet of muscle tissue is called ________. Answer: histology Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 6) More than one ________ combines to increase complexity and promote the level of organization to the organ level. Answer: tissue Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy 7) Study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called ________ anatomy. Answer: surface Section Title: Gross Anatomy 8) The consideration of anatomical structures large enough to be viewed by the naked eye is called ________ anatomy. Answer: gross Section Title: Gross Anatomy 9) Study of the changes in form that occur during the period from conception to physical maturity is called ________ anatomy. Answer: developmental Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 10) A failure to maintain homeostatic conditions in the body is known as ________. Answer: disease Section Title: Levels of Organization 11) Damage to body structures at any level would most impair function at the highest, or ________, level of organization. Answer: organism Section Title: Levels of Organization 12) The process of producing a new organism is referred to as ________. Answer: reproduction Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 13) A basic function of a living organism that governs how the individual reacts to stimuli is called ________. Answer: responsiveness Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 14) The process of cellular specialization to perform certain functions is called ________. Answer: differentiation Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 15) The property of living organisms whereby they discharge useless or harmful wastes produced during normal function is called ________. Answer: excretion Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 16) The property of living things to change position is called movement. Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 17) The endocrine system contains glandular structures that direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems. Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 18) The ________ system breaks chemicals down and absorbs them into the body. Answer: digestive Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 19) The ________ system allows for gas exchange with the environment. Answer: respiratory Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 20) The respiratory system makes it possible for the body to conduct gas exchange; this process is also facilitated by the ________ system, which transports the gasses through the body. Answer: cardiovascular Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 21) A ________ plane is a horizontal or cross-sectional plane intersecting the human body at right angles to the long axis. Answer: transverse Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 22) A midsagittal section divides the human body into equal ________ and ________ portions. Answer: left; right Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 23) The hip is ________ to the knee. Answer: proximal Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 24) The nipple is ________ and ________ to the umbilicus. Answer: superior; lateral Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 25) The anatomical name for the front of the elbow is ________. Answer: antecubitus Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 26) The hips are ________, or inferior, to the shoulders. Answer: caudal Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 27) A ________ section is produced if the body is separated into top and bottom portions. Answer: transverse Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 28) The calf is more appropriately called the ________ . Answer: sura Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 29) The abdominopelvic regions located where the body attaches to the lower limbs are called the right and left ________ regions. Answer: inguinal Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 30) Pain originating from the spleen would most likely be felt in the ________ abdominopelvic quadrant. Answer: left upper Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 31) The ________ abdominopelvic region is sandwiched between the right and left hypochondriac regions. Answer: epigastric Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 32) Most of the digestive organs are contained within the ________ cavity, which is named for the membrane that surrounds it. Answer: peritoneal Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 33) The outer surfaces of each lung are covered by the ________ pleura. Answer: visceral Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 34) The bladder is located in the ________ cavity. Answer: pelvic Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 35) The ________ separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Answer: diaphragm Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 36) Heart is to pericardial cavity as ________ is to pleural cavity. Answer: lung Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 37) Organs such as the liver, stomach, and pancreas are located within the ________ cavity, superior to the level of the pelvis. Answer: abdominal Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 38) The ________ layer of the serous membrane is attached to the surfaces of organs in the body cavities. Answer: visceral Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 39) The pericardium lies within the ________, a portion of the thoracic cavity that lies between the left and right pleural cavities. Answer: mediastinum Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 1.3 True/False Questions 1) Gross anatomy uses magnification in order to better visualize structures. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Gross Anatomy 2) Developmental anatomy refers to the study of body changes over time. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 3) The approach used to study of all structure in an area is called regional anatomy. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Gross Anatomy 4) The study of structures that are able to be seen without magnification is called cytology. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Gross Anatomy 5) Radiographic anatomy uses radioisotopes, ultrasounds, and X-rays. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 6) Cellular structures and functions focus attention at the cellular level. Answer: TRUE Section Title: Levels of Organization 7) Atoms interacting to form components with distinctive properties in the body show organization at the tissue level. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Levels of Organization 8) Multiple tissues that interact to perform a united group of functions show organization at the organismal level. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Levels of Organization 9) Specialized cell types united to perform a distinctive group of shared functions show organization at the chemical level. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Levels of Organization 10) Interactions among organ systems demonstrate function at the organ level. Answer: FALSE Section Title: Levels of Organization 11) Cranial refers to toward the head. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 12) Proximal refers to a structure found away from an attached base. Answer: FALSE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 13) The term to describe "away from the midline" is lateral. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 14) Superior means the same as cranial in humans. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 15) Posterior and ventral mean the same thing. Answer: FALSE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 16) Buttock refers to the portion of the body you sit on. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 17) The anatomical term for ankle is tarsus. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 18) Popliteal means foot. Answer: FALSE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 19) Mental refers to the chin. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 20) Manus means hand. Answer: TRUE Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 1.4 Essay Questions 1) How does the regional approach differ from the systemic approach in the study of anatomy? Answer: Systemic anatomy considers all of the components of each organ system simultaneously, regardless of body location. Regional anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal structures in a specific area of the body, regardless of the organ system. Section Title: Gross Anatomy 2) How does comparative anatomy contribute to the study of human gross anatomy? Answer: Observed similarities of anatomical structure among different species of animals demonstrate evolutionary relationships and the similarity of developmental processes. Comparison of the same systems among different animals also shows how these systems are adapted to serve different anatomical and physiological functions. Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 3) What is the basic anatomical pattern that humans and other vertebrate animals share? Answer: All of these organisms have a braincase of cartilage or bone that surrounds the brain. All vertebrates have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, ventral body cavities, and a musculartail, although in humans this structure is reduced to the four elements of the coccyx. All vertebrates also share the "tube within a tube" pattern of hollow body cavities that contain tubular structures, such as the digestive tract. At some stage of development (often only embryonic), vertebrates also have a notochord and pharyngeal (gill) arches. Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy 4) How does improper functioning at the chemical level effect cellular, tissue, organ, and organism function? Answer: Each complex level is totally dependent upon all the levels that are less complex, therefore damage at the level of the smallest structure affects larger and more complex structures throughout the system. For example, the inability of a protein to function in a cell causes improper functioning of the cell. The faulty cell then leads to a tissue that is not fully capable of its functions. The organ is effected by containing a defective tissue. Finally, the entire organism is effected because the organ is not functioning properly. Section Title: Levels of Organization 5) In general, why must larger organisms have specialized structures to permit some life functions to occur? Answer: In large organisms, specialized structures are required for movement of materials through exposed surfaces and transport of materials between body regions because (1) many cells are too far from an exposed surface and (2) there is not enough total surface area to allow all of the body's cells to exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes directly with the environment. Other life functions, such as reproduction, are also complicated by organisms' larger size. Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 6) What is the function of an organ system in the body? Answer: Organ systems are groups of organs that function together to produce coordinated effects. Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems 7) What is the role of serous membranes in the body? Answer: Serous membranes provide a slippery cover for the inside of the body cavities and the outside of most organs located in these cavities. This slippery lining prevents friction between moving organs and the body wall. Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 8) Why is radiographic anatomy an increasingly important science? Answer: Procedures can provide detailed information about internal systems and structures. Such information can be gathered in a non-invasive manner and diagnostics can begin almost immediately after many procedures. Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 9) How does the definition of posterior, as it is used in human terminology, differ from the usage with four-legged animals (quadrupeds)? Answer: Posterior means "behind," which is equivalent to dorsal ("the back") in humans. Because of the difference in standing position, the two terms are not equivalent in quadrupeds, dorsal still meaning the back of the animal, but posterior meaning the tail (or caudal) end. Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 10) Why is it important for all health care professionals to understand anatomical/medical terminology? Answer: Effective communication begins with speaking, writing, and reading the same language. Just as an individual who does not speak Spanish is lost in Spain, and individual who does not understand the language of anatomy is lost in the hospital. Section Title: The Language of Anatomy Figure 1.1 1) Label A: ______________________________ Answer: Organism level Section Title: Levels of Organization 2) Label B: ______________________________ Answer: Organ system level Section Title: Levels of Organization 3) Label C: ______________________________ Answer: Organ level Section Title: Levels of Organization 4) Label D: ______________________________ Answer: Tissue level Section Title: Levels of Organization 5) Label E: ______________________________ Answer: Cellular level Section Title: Levels of Organization 6) Label F: ______________________________ Answer: Chemical or molecular level Section Title: Levels of Organization Figure 1.2 Using the figure above, identify the labeled part. 7) Label A: Cephalon or head (cephalic) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 8) Label B: Cranium or skull (cranial) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 9) Label C: Facies or face (facial) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 10) Label D: Oris or mouth (oral) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 11) Label E: Mentis or chin (mental) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 12) Label F: Axilla or armpit (axillary) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 13) Label G: Brachium or arm (brachial) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 14) Label H: Antecubitus or front of elbow (antecubital) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 15) Label I: Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 16) Label J: Carpus or wrist (carpal) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 17) Label K: Palma or palm (palmar) Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 18) Label L: Pollex or thumb Section Title: The Language of Anatomy 19) Label M: Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) 20) Label N: Patella or kneecap (patellar) 21) Label O: Crus or leg (crural) 22) Label P: Tarsus or ankle (tarsal) 23) Label Q: Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) 24) Label R: Hallux or great toe 25) Label S: Pes or foot (pedal) 26) Label T: Femur or thigh (femoral) 27) Label U: Pubis (pubic) 28) Label V: Inguen or groin (inguinal) 29) Label W: Manus or hand (manual) 30) Label X: Trunk 31) Label Y: Pelvis (pelvic) 32) Label Z: Umbilicus or navel (umbilical) 33) Label AA: Abdomen (abdominal) 34) Label BB: Mamma or breast (mammary) 35) Label CC: Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic) 36) Label DD: Cervicis or neck (cervical) 37) Label EE: Bucca or cheek (buccal) 38) Label FF: Auris or ear (otic) 39) Label GG: Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular) 40) Label HH: Nasus or nose (nasal) 41) Label II: Frons or forehead (frontal) Figure 1.3 42) Label A: Shoulder (acromial) 43) Label B: Dorsum or back (dorsal) 44) Label C: Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal) 45) Label D: Lumbus or loin (lumbar) 46) Label E: Gluteus or buttock (gluteal) 47) Label F: Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal) 48) Label G: Sura or calf (sural) 49) Label H: Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal) 50) Label I: Planta or sole of foot (plantar) 51) Label J: Lower limb 52) Label K: Upper limb 53) Label L: Cervicis or neck (cervical) 54) Label M: Cephalon or head (cephalic)