Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review COMPLETE TEST 2023

Advanced Pathophysiology HESI review COMPLETE TEST 20231. metabolic acidosis: low pH, low HCO3 2. metabolic alkalosis: high pH, high HCO3 3. respiratory acidosis: low pH, high CO2 4. respiratory alkalosis: high pH, low CO2 5. metabolic acidosis causes: Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency 6. metabolic alkalosis causes: Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin 7. respiratory acidosis causes: Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea 8. respiratory alkalosis causes: • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning. • Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli). Can also be stimulated by fever. • Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing." 9. Neuro exams include:: -hand strength, limb strength -ability to follow commands -ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion -deep pain stimulus response -symmetrical and coordinated movement -clear, speech. 10. Acute Bronchitis patho: infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder caused by viruses. will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation. Chest X-ray examination is usually normal. 11. Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence: The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows: Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads t