NCE Exam - Counseling and Helping Relationship. Questions with accurate answers, 100% accurate.

NCE Exam - Counseling and Helping Relationship. Questions with accurate answers, 100% accurate. Four stages of helping process that facilitate positive action between helper and client - -Exploring, Consolidation, Planning, Termination Consolidation - -Work together to find alternative solutions to problems and client practices coping skills and other positive interventions taught by the counselor Freud's definition of self - -Three part definition with ego, id, and superego Jung's definition of self - -Kind of archetype in born and with potential molded by experience Horney's definition of self - -inborn; but everyone born with a mentally healthy self altered anxious experiences Mahler's definition of self - -does not come until child is 3 years old and can distinguish self from others Harry Stack Sullivan's definition of self - -can never be viewed out of context from outside relationships Kohut's definition of self - -healthy "self" results from positive childhood relationships Potential barriers to effective communication - -Lack of attention, language, purpose of the session, counselors lack of confidence in addressing uncomfortable subjects sensitively Intimacy - -Special relationship between two people; important information must be shared between two people and learn to listen to each other Barriers to Intimacy - -Fear of self-disclosure and unwillingness to give necessary time to form strong intimate bonds Principle elements of communication - -Received with all five senses; must be handled to gain meaning; information must be decoded then linked with new information depending on relevance, then receiver decides what they think about message and how it relates to them. Some parts of message are discarded and others are reorganized into familiar arrangement. End result is return message that can be verbal or non-verbal. Allport's definition of self - -"proprium", as person ages they form a structure of personality Roger's definition of self - -definition of self was too simple so used self-image to represent an individual's belief about self Maslow's definition of self - -Part of an individual's desire to self-actualize; May's definition of self - -related to the environment that surrounds the "self" Meta-Communication - -non-verbal and tonal cues sent as part of message; involves facial and hand movements, words spoken and tone used; body language Bandura's definition of self - -Three part model including individual, behavior, and environment. Individual takes control over behavior, uses self-observation then through judgmental process determines if behavior is good, bad or neutral followed by self-reaction involving rewards or punishment for behavior. Reassurance - -Process of affirming or encouraging another person through verbal responses Goals of reassurance - -Increase client's level of confidence, remind client of work and positive relationship, decrease client's level of anxiety to mobilize him/her to action, remind the client of strengths and positive attributions to instill greater self-assurance for future decisions Counselor uses ____________________ client sends about their feelings of ownership about a problem or situation. When verbal cues indicate that is not happening it shows a counselor that _______________ still needs to be made. - -Verbal cues, progress Nonverbal cues - -Give counselor a better place to start on this process instead of just relying on verbal cues. Constructivist Theory of Communication includes - -Role category questionnaire, expressive design logic, conventional design logic, and rhetorical design logic Jesse Delia - -Developer of Constructivist Theory of Communication Expressive design logic - -simplest form of interpersonal communication according to constructivist theory including little or no thought on part of speaker Conventional design logic - -Some forethought by the speaker, but information presented from only the speakers point of view Rhetorical design logic - -Requires forethought by the speaker and includes both speaker and listener's point of view. The most complex form of interpersonal communication in constructivist theory. Good communication skills - -polite, punctual, listens well, keeps promises, honest, asks for feedback, makes no assumptions on outward appearance only, works to build a good counseling relationship, speaks personally to the client Three errors that may occur when using reflecting in counseling session - -Too much reflection may not feel helpful and reflection may not be culturally appropriate Action Based Communication benefits - -Can be used with children who do not have large vocabulary or a non-verbal person; Can help people symbolize how they are feeling if they are unable to express it verbally; Children are more comfortable showing people how they feel about their world through action Developmental theorists focus on __________________________ of the self - -cognitive development Adolescent Identity Crises - -developed by Erikson based on developmental stages _____________________________ can cause a lack of understanding for clients. - -specialized language Facial Feedback universal elements - -If a person feels one way but expresses the opposite then first feeling will decrease, if someone expresses facial feature they will begin to feel that emotion, muscles used to form particular emotion signal the brain about how it should feel Feedback - -Important final step in the communication process given through non-verbal responses and verbal responses ________________________ are probably the most reliable indicators of successful communications - -restatements Component model of communication uses - -knowledge, skill, and motivation Grief process includes - -helping client understand that grief is a process, how to express emotions, how to live in new normal, and finally be able to move forward A person may __________________ a behavior or set of behaviors simply by discontinuing. - -extinguish Extinguishing is performed by _______________________ what behaviors need to be stopped and then ending the behaviors through a plan of action. - -stopping