NHA Certified EKG Tech Exam Questions with correct Answers

Mediastenum - ANSWER-space where heart is located, just behind the sterum The top of the heart location - ANSWER-second intercostal Base of the heart location - ANSWER-5th intercostal and mid clavicular line on the left Endocardium - ANSWER-The innermost layer of the heart chordae tendinae - ANSWER-connective tissue that keep the AV valves in place Heart skeleton - ANSWER-Pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium or epicardum and pericardial sac Parietal pericardium - ANSWER-outside layer of the heart skeleton Visceral pericardium or epicardium - ANSWER-the inner layer of the heart Pericardial Sac - ANSWER-The layers and fluid between the two layers of the pericardium that prevent friction septum - ANSWER-A wall of tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart, The septum prevents oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood from mixing in the heart. Right side of the heart - ANSWER-Pumps deoxygenated blood with low pressure from veins to the lungs; responsible for pulmonary circulation Left side of the heart - ANSWER-Pumps oxygenated blood with high pressure toward the tissue through the arteries; responsible for systemic circulation Number of chambers in the heart - ANSWER-four Right and left atria - ANSWER-Smaller, thin walled chambers that are situated on top of the ventricles and receive blood from the lungs and veins Right and left ventricles - ANSWER-Larger, more muscular chambers that eject blood to the systemic circulation and the two lungs Right atrium RA - ANSWER-Receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava Coronary Sinus - ANSWER-The largest vein that drains the heart muscle's deoxygenated blood received by the RA Right Ventricle RV - ANSWER-Receives deoxygenated blood from the RA which is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries Pulmonary arteries PA - ANSWER-The only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood Left Atrium LA - ANSWER-Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins Pulmonary Veins PV - ANSWER-The only veins that carry oxygenated blood Left Ventricle LV - ANSWER-Receives the oxygenated blood from the LA and pumps it to the body through the aorta, the largest artery of the body Blood Flow - ANSWER-Deoxygenated blood > superior vena cava> RA> tricuspid valve> RV> SL Pulmonary valves >PA> Pulmonary trunk> lungs>PV> LA> bicuspid or MV> LV> SL LV> systemic aortic valve Heart valves - ANSWER-Prevents the back flow of blood ensuring uni-directional flow through the heart Atrio-ventricular valves - ANSWER-Valves between the atria and ventricles that are have tough fibrous rings, long and strong leaflets cuspids, papillary muscles and chordae tendinae Tricuspids valves - ANSWER-located between the right atria and right ventricle, it has three cusp Bicuspids / mitral valves - ANSWER-located between the left atria and ventricle, two cusp Pulmonic valve - ANSWER-located between the left ventricle and the pulmonary trunk Aortic Valve - ANSWER-located between the left ventricle and the aorta coronary arteries - ANSWER-located on the epicardium Four vessels in coronary circulation - ANSWER-Left Anterior Descending (LAD), Left Circumflex (LCX) artery and the Left and Right Coronary Systole - ANSWER-Contraction of both atrial and ventricles diastole - ANSWER-Relaxation and filling of all cardiac chambers Heart Sounds - ANSWER-Closure of the heart valves S1 (Lubb) - ANSWER-During ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves S2 (Dubb) - ANSWER-During ventricular relaxation when SL valves closes Heart murmurs - ANSWER-Disease of the valves or any other abnormalities Heart rate - ANSWER-Number of contractions per minute: 60-100 bpm Chemo and Baro receptors - ANSWER-Controls the heart rate and is located in the aortic arch and carotoid arteries Sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER-Affects both the atria and ventricles by increasing heart rate conduction and irritability Parasympathetic Nervous system - ANSWER-Affects the atria only by decreasing heart rate conduction and irritability Automaticity - ANSWER-The ability of the cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate there own electrical impulse with out being stimulated from another source Excitability - ANSWER-Cardiac cells and its ability to respond to external stimulus electrical chemical and mechanical Conductivity - ANSWER-The ability of the cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and transmit the stimilus to another cardiac cell Contractility - ANSWER-The ability of the cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus Polarization - ANSWER-The heart resting Depolarization - ANSWER-The heart when it is contracting. Systolic Repolarization - ANSWER-The recovery of the heart, diastole SA Node - ANSWER-Located in the upper posterior portion of the right atrial wall below the opening of the superior vena cava; It is the primary pacemaker of the heart AV node - ANSWER-Located in the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve. electrical activity that allows blood flow from the atria to the ventricles Bundle of His - ANSWER-located at the superior portion of the interventricular septum, the pathway leads to the SA Node Purkinje fibers - ANSWER-located in the ventricular myocardium, it consist of small conduction fibers that delivers the electrical impulses to the ventricular myocardium Bipolar leads - ANSWER-placed on the LA, RA, LL, RL this is the ground lead Lead 1 - ANSWER-LA - RA Lead 2 - ANSWER-LL - RA Lead 3 - ANSWER-LL - LA Augmented Unipolar - ANSWER-needs only one electrode from one limb to make a lead; the machine records a midpoint between two other limbs Lead aVR - ANSWER-Right arm is positive all other limbs are negative Lead AvL - ANSWER-Left arm is positive and other are negative Lead AVF - ANSWER-Left leg is positive and all others limbs is negative Unipolar Precordial Leads - ANSWER-Six positive electrodes placed on the chest V1 - ANSWER-Forth intercostal space, right sternal border V2 - ANSWER-Forth intercostal space, left sternal border V3 - ANSWER-Equidistant between v2 and V4 V4 - ANSWER-fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line V5 - ANSWER-fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line V6 - ANSWER-fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line number of leads placed on the body - ANSWER-10 leads number of readings - ANSWER-12 EKG paper - ANSWER-horizontal represents time; 1mm =0.04mm; 5mm = 0.2 seconds vertical line represents amplitude 0.1 mV = 1mm waveform - ANSWER-refers to the movement away from the isoelectric line either upward (positive) deflection or downward (negative) Segment - ANSWER-line between two way forms Interval - ANSWER-waveform plus a segment complex - ANSWER-several waveforms P wave - ANSWER-deflection of atrial depolarization. does not exceed 0.11s or 2.5mm in height QRS complex - ANSWER-represents ventricular depolarization Q Wave - ANSWER-initial negative deflection produced by ventricular depolarization R wave - ANSWER-first positive deflection produced by ventricular depolarization S wave - ANSWER-first negative deflection produced by the ventricular depolarization follows R wave t wave - ANSWER-The deflection produced by ventricular repolarization U wave - ANSWER-the deflection seen following the t wave but proceeds the P wave; shows hypokalemia low potassium, blood levels RR interval - ANSWER-heart rate PR interval - ANSWER-Normal interval is 0.12 -0.2 QRS interval - ANSWER-represents complete ventricular depolarization time. it should be no more than 0.1sec in limb leads and 0.11 sec in precordial leads somatic tremors - ANSWER-patient's tremors or shaking the wires can poduce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing Wandering baseline - ANSWER-sweat or lotion on patient's skin that interfere with the signal going to the EKG 60 cycle interference - ANSWER-deflection occurring at a rapid rate that may mimic atrial flutter Stress test - ANSWER-Target heart rate is 220 - the persons age arrhythmias - ANSWER-abnormal heart rate tachcardia - ANSWER-heart rate over 100 brachcardia - ANSWER-heart rate under 60 myocardial ischemia - ANSWER-decrease in blood flow to a section of the heart myocardial infraction - ANS