PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST COMPLETE GUIDE 2023

PATHO 370 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST COMPLETE GUIDE 2023. What factor causes a congenital heart disease to produce cyanosis? Selected Answer: Left-to-right shunting of blood Correct Answer: Right-to-left shunting of blood Response Feedback: Disorders that result in right-to-left shunting cause cyanosis. A left-to-right shunt occurs when oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart or aorta flows back into the right side to be recirculated through the lungs. The blood reaching the systemic circulation is oxygenated and the infant is not cyanotic (acyanotic defect). However, the right side of the heart has an increased workload because of the extra shunt blood. In time, the overload of the right side of the heart can result in right ventricular hypertrophy and high right-sided heart pressures. Large ventricular septal defects may be apparent at birth because of rapidly developing rightsided heart failure and a loud systolic murmur. The majority of atrial septal defects occur at the location of the foramen ovale. The abnormal septal opening may be of variable size. Small defects (1 cm) are well tolerated. Even larger atrial septal defects may be asymptomatic for many years as long as the shunt flow is left to right and therefore acyanotic.  Question 4 A patient education intervention that will help decrease the emergence of resistant infections is to instruct the patient to Selected Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria Correct Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria Response Feedback : The patient should take all the antibiotics ordered, even if feeling better, to eradicate the moderately resistant microorganisms. Viruses are not impacted by antibacterial medications. Sharing antibiotics indicates that the full course of the medication isn’t being taken, and so contributing to the development of resistant microorganisms. If medication is stopped prematurely, moderately resistant organisms are selected for and become the predominant species, making it more difficult to eradicate next time.  Question 5 0 out of 0 points Cellular hypoxia results in Selected Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Correct Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Response Feedback: Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease. Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.  Question 6 0 out of 0 points What is the underlying problem common among all types of shock? Selected Answer: Generalized vasodilation Correct Answer: Inadequate cellular oxygenation Response Feedback: Although each type of shock has specific characteristics, all are associated with a deficiency of cellular oxygen consumption. Inadequate cellular oxygenation may result from decreased cardiac output, maldistribution of blood flow, or reduced blood oxygen content. The impaired oxygen utilization by cells may lead to cell death, organ dysfunction, and stimulation of inflammatory reactions. Cardiac failure can be an outcome, but is not a common cause in all types of shock. Vasodilation occurs in only selective forms of shock. Faulty compensatory mechanisms may contribute to the seriousness of all shocks but that is not the cause of all forms of shock.  Question 7 0 out of 0 points What is the name for the mRNA sequences that contain only the wanted segments? Selected Answer: PremRNA Correct Answer: Exon Response Feedback: An exon is the mRNA sequence that contains only the wanted segments. Introns are the unwanted areas that are removed in the nucleus by a complex splicing process, thus leaving exons. Pre-mRNA is the original RNA transcript before removal of bases that are unnecessary. Spliceosomes are the areas of the nucleus that are a specialized RNA protein complex that removes introns.  Question 8 0 out of 0 points Thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body is called Selected Answer: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Correct Answer: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Response Feedback : Thrombosis may also be initiated by a generalized reduction in flow and release of vasoactive substances that occur in shock states. Systemic derangement in coagulation takes place in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), resulting in thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body. A stroke results from the obstruction of blood flow in or to the brain by a clot. Atherosclerosis is a circulatory condition that results in the inability of vessels to regulate blood flow as a result of the stiffening of their walls. An MI is a result of obstructed blood flow in a vessel supplying the heart muscle itself.  Question 9 0 out of 0 points Which term is used to identify hypertension that has a specific disease as its cause? Selected Answer: Primary Correct Answer: Seconda ry Response Feedback: Secondary is the term given to hypertension that is secondary to a specific disease. Idiopathic, primary, and essential hypertension are interchangeable terms for hypertension that cannot be related to a specific disease/cause.  Question 10 0 out of 0 points Which statement is true regarding the epithelial system of tissue? Selected Answer: Stratified epithelium is several layers thick. Correct Answer: Stratified epithelium is several layers thick. Response Feedback: Stratified epithelium that makes up the epidermis of the skin is several layers thick. Epithelial cells cover the majority of the external surfaces of the body and line the glands, blood vessels, and internal surfaces. Keratin is a tough protective protein that is present in the outer surface of flattened, dead epithelial cells. Pseudostratified epithelium is a single layer, but it appears to be more than one layer because of the mixture of cell shapes.  Question 11 0 out of 0 points Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability? Selected Answer: Stres s Correct Answer: Stres s Response Feedback: Stress is defined as a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten homeostasis. Adaptive changes occur when a body function changes to work within its environment. Exhaustion occurs when there is a negative sequela. Homeostasis is dynamic change.  Question 12 0 out of 0 points Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur as the result of chronic ischemia to a region? Selected Answer: Hyperplas ia Correct Answer: Atrophy Response Ischemia is inadequate blood supply to a tissue. Chronic Feedback: sublethal ischemia usually results in cell atrophy. Hypertrophy would result in an increase in cell size in response to increased physiological demand. Hyperplasia would result in an increased number of cells in response to increased physiological demand. Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another better suited for the situation  Question 13 0 out of 0 points Which diagnostic analysis is used to identify patients with heart failure? (Select all that apply.) Selected Answers: BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) Echocardiogram Correct Answers: BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) Echocardiogram Chest x-ray film Response Feedback: BNP is a blood test that assists in identifying patients with heart failure. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart and is used in the diagnosis of heart failure. A chest x-ray is a physical diagnostic test that shows heart structures and is used in the diagnosis of heart failure. Complete blood count (CBC) is a blood analysis used to determine the composition of blood related to amounts of specific cells in a serum sample. The overall effect of ANP on the body is to counter increases in blood pressure and volume caused by the renin-angiotensin system.  Question 14 0 out of 0 points Which statement is true about disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? Selected Answer: It is both a bleeding and clotting disorder. Correct Answer: It is both a bleeding and clotting disorder. Response Feedback: DIC is both a bleeding and clotting disorder. There are two types, with the chronic type being more prone to thrombotic episodes because the liver and bone marrow are functioning at a higher level and are able to produce more clotting factors and platelets. There is a rise in fibrin split products secondary to the destruction of clots. The fibrinogen level decreases as the body uses it up.  Question 15 0 out of 0 points The role of the circulatory system is to do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Selected Answers: Transport O2 and nutrients throughout the body Remove waste products found within the body Move blood systemically from the right side of the heart Correct Answers: Transport O2 and nutrients throughout the body