PATHO 370 Final Exam Self-Assessment 2023

PATHO 370 Final Exam Self-Assessment 2023. The first stage of Davenport and Kim's Three-Stage Model of quantitative decision making is to  a) communicate the results.  b) frame the problem.  c) solve the problem.  d) None of the above. Feedback: The correct answer is B. It is important to frame the problem by understanding the environment of a problem. After that, one can solve the problem and communicate the results to others. Question 3 A manager is looking at his previous quarter and determining the causes for the sudden sales spike to gain a better understanding of the actions and outcomes. If using analytics, which kind of analytics would the manager use?  a) Predictive Analytics  b) Prescriptive Analytics  c) Descriptive Analytics  d) Proactive Analytics Feedback: The correct answer is C. The manager should use descriptive analytics because it is used to describe the characteristics of what is being studied. In this situation, the previous quarter sales would be studied. Question 4 In a study of cancer treatments, the subjects and the treatment allocator (who is also the data gatherer) are unaware of which treatment is being given to which subject. This is a ____________ study.  a) Double-Blind  b) Triple-Blind  c) Information-biased  d) Response-biased Feedback: The correct answer is A. There are two layers being blinded in this study. If the treatment allocator and the data gatherer were different people, then this would be a triple-blind study. There is no stated bias. Question 5 Adam is measuring the temperature as the lake outside his office is freezing over. He measures the temperatures in Fahrenheit ten times with the same thermometer and gets the following results: 20, 21, 21, 20, 20, 19, 19, 21, 20, 19. Is his thermometer reliable? Is it valid?  a) Reliable and Valid  b) Reliable but not Valid  c) Not Reliable but Valid  d) Not Reliable or Valid Feedback: The correct answer is B. The thermometer consistently gives about the same number for the freezing point and therefore is reliable. It is not valid because it does not accurately measure what it is trying to measure. We know this because we know water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Question 6 Toby is trying to determine the number of people at today's parade in order to determine the impact of advertising at parades. He asks a number of different people leaving the parade their projected number of attendants. He gets the following responses: 70,000; 450,000; 2,000; 130,000; 3,000,000; 75,000; 200,000; 800,000; 150,000; and 210,000. Is this survey reliable? Is it valid?  a) Reliable and Valid  b) Reliable but not Valid  c) Not Reliable but Valid  d) Not Reliable or Valid Feedback: The correct answer is D. The answers are not consistent and do not accurately measure the number of people. Therefore it is not reliable or valid. Question 7 Harry is doing a survey of the city of Los Angeles' population. He is wondering everyone's favorite food. He sends out a survey to all of the renters in the city and receives basically all of the surveys back in the mail. What is the flaw in this experiment?  a) Small Sample Size  b) Blinding  c) Truly Representative Sample  d) Association vs. Causation Feedback: The correct answer is C. This does not represent the entire population that Harry is concluding about as he did not get responses from the other samples such as homeowners in Los Angeles. Question 8 Tom Brady is on the street in Chicago. He is asking anyone he meets if they prefer Tom Brady or Peyton Manning. The survey results show that people greatly prefer Tom Brady. What is the flaw in this experiment?  a) Small Sample Size  b) Truly Representative Sample  c) Response Bias  d) Conscious Bias Feedback: The correct answer is C. It is response bias, as the respondents might be responding believing that Tom Brady wants to hear that they prefer him over Peyton Manning. This is not Conscious bias as conscious bias would be in the way Tom Brady is asking a question and this scenario does not indicate any bias in that way. Question 9 There is a 50 percent chance that the president will slip on a banana peel. Also, there is a 25 percent chance that the president will be hit in the face with an apple. There is a 10 percent chance that the president will slip on a banana peel and get hit in the face with an apple. What is the likelihood that the president has a run-in with at least one of these fruits?  a) 65%  b) 85%  c) 35%  d) 22.50% Feedback: The correct answer is A. This is a union between P(banana) and P(apple). Therefore, P(banana ∪ apple) =P(banana)+P(apple)−P(banana∩apple) =0.50+0.25−0.10=0.65=65% . The president will probably not have a great week. Question 10 There is a 20 percent chance that Charlie's company will merge with another company. If there is a merger, there is an 80 percent chance Charlie will have to fire three people from his team. There is a 15 percent chance Charlie will have to fire three people from his team no matter what. What is the likelihood there will be a merger, and Charlie will have to fire three people from his team?  a) 16%  b) 18%  c) 28%  d) 35% Feedback: The correct answer is A. The probability of a merger is 20 percent (P(merger)=0.20 ), and the probability of Charlie having to fire three people if there is a merger is 80 percent (P(fire∣∣merger)=0.80). Therefore to determine the likelihood of a merger and Charlie firing three people, these probabilities are multiplied together. Therefore P(merger∪fire)=P(merger)×P(fire∣∣merger)=0.20×0.80 =0.16=16% Question 11 The probability that Junkins Food launches a new product in November is 55%. The probability that the director of new products plans a vacation in November is 8.3%. If these events are independent, what is the probability that the director of new products is on vacation when a new product launches in November?  a) 4.6%  b) 14.6%  c) 46.7%  d) 63.3% Feedback: The correct answer is A. The two events are independent; therefore, the probability both happen is the product of the probability of each. 0.55×0.083=0.043 Question 12 Determine the Mean, Median, and Mode (in that order) from the following test results. 23, 54, 67, 71, 72, 74, 74, 75, 77, 77, 77, 78, 80, 81, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 89, 89, 89, 95, 99, 100  a) 80, 78.56, 89  b) 78.56, 80, 89  c) 77, 78.56, 89  d) 80, 81.12, 77 Feedback: The correct answer is B. The mean is 78.56 as it is the result of the sum of the numbers, 1964, divided by 25, the count of numbers. The median is 80 as it is the 13th number out of 25 ordered numbers. The mode is 89 as it shows up 4 times and no other data point shows up as many times. Question 13 A medical researcher is studying the effects of eating cupcakes on weight gain over a year. What can be concluded from the following graph?  a) If you gain weight, you will eat more cupcakes  b) If you eat cupcakes, you will gain weight  c) There is no correlation between cupcakes and weight gain  d) There is a correlation between cupcakes and weight gain Feedback: The correct answer is D. The independent variable, defined by the x-axis, is cupcakes consumed per week. Therefore, answer A is not logical. Answer B is proven incorrect by the person who ate one cupcake per week and lost weight. There is a correlation between cupcake consumption and weight gain because the results form a somewhat distinct line. Question 14 Devin is hoping that his law firm will have one of the highest ratings in the country. He learns that the average score is 80 and his team's score is 86. He is initially disappointed as he had hoped for greater separation between the average and his company's score. He then learns that the standard deviation for the evaluation was 2.5. What is his company's z-score?  a) 3.5  b) 82.5  c) 2.4  d) 15 Feedback: The correct answer is C. The z-score, or standard score, is the difference between the individual's score and the average divided by the standard deviation. In this situation, it would be (86−80)2.5=2.4 . Therefore, the standard score is 2.4. Question 15 Robert would love his investment to yield returns of greater than 40 percent within a year, but he knows it likely won't. Similar investments have averaged 12 percent yield returns per year with a standard deviation of 14 percent. What is the likelihood that Robert's investment will NOT yield greater than a 40 percent return on top of the investment?  a) 68.3 percent  b) 95.4 percent  c) 97.7 percent  d) 99.7 percent Feedback: The correct answer is C. A 40 percent gain is at two standard deviations above the mean. As we know, only 4.6 percent of the population is outside of two standard deviations from the mean. Out of that 4.6 percent, half is in the tail that is two standard deviations below the mean, and half is in the tail that is two standard deviations above the mean. Therefore, there is only a 2.3 percent chance that the investment has above 40 percent returns and a 97.7 percent chance it does not. Question 16 What percent of the data in a normal distribution is between the mean and two standard deviations above the mean?  a) 47.7 percent  b) 50.0 percent  c) 68.3 percent  d) 95.4 percent Feedback: The correct answer is A. 95.4 percent of the data is located between two standard deviations below the mean and two standard deviations above the mean. Half of this data is located between the mean and two standard deviations above the mean. Question 17 Atlantic, Midwest, Pacific cars are three car companies that produce custom cars for different organizations: Which company can produce the greatest number of cars for 100,000 USD?  a) Atlantic Cars  b) Midwest Cars  c) Pacific Cars  d) Midwest Cars and Pacific Cars are equal Feedback: The correct answer is A. At $100,000, Midwest Cars produces 0 cars, Pacific Cars produces 8 cars, and Atlantic Cars produces 10 cars. Question 18 Refer back to the custom car graph: At what number of cars could an organization choose to order from Atlantic Cars or Pacific Cars, while paying the same amount per car?  a) 7 cars  b) 9 cars  c) 10 cars  d) 12 cars Feedback: The correct answer is D. It costs both Atlantic Cars and Pacific Cars about $140,000 to produce 12 cars. This can be seen by the critical point where Atlantic Cars' production line crosses Pacific Cars' production line. Question 19 Sarah is working for a non-profit trying to get malaria vaccines to the small village she is helping in Liberia. There has been a spread of malaria, and there are only two ways to get the needed hepatitis vaccines to the village in time. She could mail the shipment and pay extra to get each vaccination through customs or she could take it herself and be with it when going through customs which cost less. To ship it, the cost would be $200 shipping and $2 per vaccination at customs. For taking it herself, the cost would be $1400 and $0.50 per vaccination at customs. If there are 900 people in the village, should Sarah ship the vaccines or take them to Liberia herself? What is the difference in cost between shipping the vaccine and Sarah flying with it?  a) Ship vaccines, $150  b) Ship vaccines, $300  c) Fly with vaccines, $150  d) Fly with vaccines, $300 Feedback: The correct answer is C. The cost of shipping 900 vaccines would be $2000 (cost=$2×900+ $200 ), while the cost of Sarah flying with 900 vaccines would be $1850 (cost=$0.50×900+$1400). The difference is $150 ($2000−$1850 ). Question 20 A Pareto chart is a type of ________.  a) bar chart  b) run chart  c) flowchart  d) check sheet Feedback: The correct answer is A. A Pareto chart is a type of bar chart. Question 21 Cluster analysis sorts data points into ___________ and is often used in studying market ____________.  a) "natural" groups, company earnings.  b) "natural" groups, demographics.  c) linear relationships, company earnings.  d) linear relationships, demographics. Feedback: The correct answer is B. Cluster analysis sorts data points into "natural" groups. Often, especially in marketing, cluster analysis is used to study the behavior of people in different demographics. It is used to maximize a company's earnings, but this is rarely studied using cluster analysis. Question 22 "Where you enact the change on a larger scale, making it a part of normal operations." This is which step in the PDCA cycle?  a) Act  b) Plan  c) Check  d) Do Feedback: The correct answer is A. The Act step is where you enact the change on a larger scale, making it a part of normal operations. Question 23 Which of the following answers is a step in Quality Control, not Quality Assurance?  a) Training  b) Assess capability and recommend preventive action  c) Understanding the system and predicting outcomes  d) Inspection and repair Feedback: The correct answer is D. Quality Assurance focuses on preventing defects from occurring while Quality Control is presented with defects and then fixes them. Question 24 A SIPOC Diagram is very helpful in following a whole process of a company. It stands for Supplier, Input, Process, Output, and _______.  a) Company  b) Customer  c) Coordination  d) Cash Feedback: The correct answer is B. The customer is the last step when following a whole process in a SIPOC diagram. Question 25 From the following control chart, what is the size of the control range in the following chart?  a) 8  b) 12  c) 20  d) 22 Feedback: The correct answer is A. The control ranges from the lower control of 12 to the upper control of 20. The size of this difference is 8.