Advanced Pathophysiology HESI Exam Review (Top latest solution) 2023

Metabolic acidosis - low pH, low HCO3 Metabolic alkalosis - high pH, high HCO3 Respiratory acidosis - low pH, high CO2 Respiratory alkalosis - high pH, low CO2 Metabolic acidosis causes - Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency Metabolic alkalosis causes - Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin Respiratory acidosis causes - Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea