English Language A Level CLA Quiz Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT

English Language A Level CLA Quiz Questions and Answers Applying knowledge - Correct AnswerConsider implications - what is older person trying to initiate/convey - trying to tell child importance of something - pragmatics - trying to ensure child is listening - instigate a response Engage with child's use - discuss what they're trying to state - awareness of any language features (morphology, syntax etc.) - what do they not yet include (any omissions) so what stage are they at and are they advanced - anything paralinguistic to communicate instead of lang. Noam Chomsky - Correct Answer1960s, Language Acquisition Device - born with an inherited ability to learn any human lang. LAD encodes major principles of a lang. and its grand structures into the brain. Can't learn through imitation alone because the lang. spoken around them is highly irregular, often broken up, ungrammatical Support for LAD - Correct Answer- children learning to speak never make grammatical errors like wrong order of SVO - child notices adult's grammatically incorrect sentence - virtuous errors show they're not learning through imitation alone Against LAD - Correct Answeralthough it's clear that children don't learn lang. through imitation alone, it doesn't prove that they must have an LAD. Could merely be through general learning and understanding abilities and interactions with other people Bruner - Correct Answer1970s Language Acquisition Support System - caregivers support child's linguistic development in social situations. Clear patterns of interaction between child and caregiver in everyday situations (meal/bath time). - Caregiver points things out and asks questions ("what's that? Is that a doggy?"), through this support child gradually asks questions themselves Meredith Rowe - Correct Answerthere's a window of opportunity when children are just getting into their productive communication, 10-18 months - predicts their language ability very strongly later - strong link between gestures and the ability to pick up vocab, gets child engaged and interacting Dr Caspar Addyman - Correct Answerbabies can hear and remember music even when in the womb - prefer consonance over dissonance - prefer female voice, especially with "motherese" (high-energy singsgong tone) - prefer plosive sounds - can remember the tempo and timbre of music they've heard before -> physiological response, makes them happy and can lead to anticipation and surprise with changes in music Eric Lenneburg - Correct Answer1967 ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age - language has to be acquired during a critical period of the first few years where they're presented with adequate stimuli, if language input does not occur until after this time grammatical fluency is never achieved Lev Vygotsky - Correct Answersocial interaction: Private Speech: when a child talks aloud to itself, evidence that it is thinking to itself Zone of proximal development: distance between actual independent developmental level and the level of potential development - when someone is in the ZPD, appropriate assistance will give them a boost Wood et al. - Correct Answer1976 Scaffolding - built on ZPD: once task principally beyond learner's capacity is mastered with support of scaffolding, it can then be removed and they will then be able to complete the task again on their own Mekler et. al - Correct Answer1988 language used in utterances affects the newborn's responses - they use prosodic and rhythmic features to process lang Piaget - Correct Answer1936 Cognitive development - children are active learners who use environment and social interactions to shape lang. through 4 stages. A child has to understand a concept first so they can then acquire and map particular lang. to express it Piaget Stage 1 - Correct Answer0-2 years, sensorimotor stage: can differentiate between self and objects, object permanence develops - objects exist when out of sight Piaget Stage 2 - Correct Answer2-7 years, pre-operational: can classify objects as a single feature, still thinks egocentrically (assumes others see, hear, and feel the same as they do, unable to assume any perspective other than their own) Piaget Stage 3 - Correct Answer7-11 years, concrete operational: can think logically about objects and events, achieve conservation of number - a certain quantity will remain same despite adjustment of shape or size Piaget Stage 4 - Correct Answer11+ years, formal operational: becomes concerned with hypothetical, future and ideological problems - abstract reasoning skills develop Piaget Egocentric speech - Correct Answercan be repetition or monologue of ideas that require no listener - e.g. describing what their toys are doing - sign of parallel play Piaget Socialised speech - Correct AnswerAttempts an exchange with others and tries to see the point of view of others - adapted information (exchanges thoughts on specified info with others) - criticism (remarks about work or behaviour of others) - commands - requests and threats - questions and answers Children with problems with language development - Correct AnswerGP/NHS refer to a lang. and speech therapist - articulation disorders: trouble saying certain sounds, lisps - fluency disorders: repeat certain sounds, trouble saying complete word, stuttering - resonance/voice disorders: people have trouble understanding them - language disorders: trouble understanding people, trouble putting words together to express thoughts Treatment: - practice - may learn to control or monitor their breathing, practising smooth, fluent speech at much slower rates than typical speech, using short phrases and sentences Holophrastic Stage - Correct Answer12-18 months, one word utterances holophrase - Correct Answera single word that expresses a complete idea, e.g. ball, which could mean the child wants it, or has found it. - caregivers need contextual clues to interpret them Katherine Nelson HS - Correct Answer1973 Four categories for first words: 1. Naming (nouns) - 60% 2. Actions/events (verbs) 3. Describing/modifying things (modifiers) 4. Personal/social words Eve Clark HS - Correct Answer1977 Overextension: meaning of a word is stretched to include things that normally aren't part of it. Underextension: meaning of word is reduced to include only the object/context in which it was initially used. Leslie Rescorla HS - Correct Answer1980 Overextension Categorical: 60%, name for one member of category is extended to all members of category Analogical: 15%, extended because of some physical/functional connection Mismatch statements: 25%, one-word sentence that appears quite abstract about one object in relation to another Thomas and Chapman HS - Correct AnswerOverextension - some words overextended in production were not overextended in comprehension whilst others were - not based purely on child's underlying word meanings or retrieval errors Fremgen and Fay HS - Correct Answer1980 challenged Thomas and Chapman - concluded children are always of the correct referents for overextended words, all overextensions merely reflect performance errors Virtuous error - Correct Answersyntactic errors made showing some understanding of standard syntax rules (e.g. 'runned' instead of 'ran') Andrew Ingraham - Correct Answer1903 "The gostak distims the doshes" - it's possible to derive meaning from the syntax of a sentence even if the referents of the terms are entirely unknown David Crystal - Correct Answerfirst stage of learning language, speech is for 3 purposes: to get what they want to get someone's attention to draw attention to something - basic statements where nomination, relation of objects and events begins Jean Aitchison HS - Correct Answer1987 Three stages of vocab acquisition: 1. labeling - link between sounds of particular words to the objects to which they refer 2. packaging - understanding a word's range of meaning (difficulty with o/u-e) 3. network building - grasping connection between words, understanding some mean opposites Berko and Brown - Correct Answer1960 Fis phenomenon - child failed to pronounce 'fish', instead said 'fis', but noticed when an adult got it wrong too - skills in linguistic comprehension generally precede corresponding skills in linguistic production Two Word Stage - Correct Answer18-24 months, beginning of syntactical development. Once 2 words are joined together, the child can explore different combinations and learn about conventional word order ("doggie walk" = dog is walking/let's walk the dog, etc.) Brown TWS - Correct Answer1970 children from all cultures make the same link between grammatical categories Morphology - Correct Answerthe way words are formed from smaller units called morphemes (the smallest meaningful unit, -ly, -ing, -s). Mean Length Utterance - Correct Answernumber of morphemes divided by number of words Brown's Stages M - Correct Answeras a child progresses, so does their MLU, and so their capacity to learn and use grammatical structures of greater complexity increases Brown's Stage 1 M - Correct Answer12-26 months, 1.75 MLU, 50-60 word vocab ability to produce Stage 1 sentence types: 3 operations of reference Semantic relations Brown's Stage 1, 3 operations of reference M - Correct Answernomination (that car), recurrence (more juice), negation (no more) Brown's Stage 1 semantic relations M - Correct Answeraction + agent/object (daddy kiss/push truck) locative + action/entity (in bath/dolly bed) possession (Kim car) entity + attributive (water hot) demonstrative + entity (this train) Brown's Stage 2 M - Correct Answer27-30 months, 2.25 MLU use '-ing', regular '-s' plurals, prepositions 'in' and 'on' Brown's Stage 3 M - Correct Answer31-34 months, 2.75 MLU irregular past tense (me fell down), -'s possessive, uncontractible copula in full form 'it is' Brown's Stage 4 M - Correct Answer35-40 months, 3.5 MLU regular past tense, 3rd person regular present tense, articles 'the' and 'a' Brown's Stage 5 M - Correct Answer41-46+ months, 4.0 MLU 3rd person irregular present tense, uncontractible auxiliary 'they are' and 'were you', contractible auxiliary 'I've', contractible copula 'it's' CDS - Correct Answernot all cultures use it, in some non-Western ones babies are expected to blend in with adult interaction, no special accommodation is made. Still go through same developmental stages at roughly same time as long as there's exposure to lang. CDS Phonology - Correct Answerlonger pauses exaggerated singsong intonation higher and wider range of pitch more slowly exaggerated difference between Qs, statements and commands CDS Pragmatics - Correct Answerlots of gestures and body lang. supportive lang. stopping frequently for child's response CDS Lexis and Semantics - Correct Answerconcrete nouns and dynamic verbs 'give', 'put' adopt child's own words frequent use of child's name and absence of pronouns CDS Syntax - Correct Answeruse of expansion and recasting repeated sentence frames 'That's a...' more simple sentences, fewer complex ones and passives omission of past tense and inflections more imperatives, interrogatives and tag Qs Skinner CDS - Correct Answerchildren learn through imitation and reinforcement Shaping - gradual modification of behaviour by the reinforcement of desired variations in behaviour - acknowledged that human behaviour is complex and can't always be accounted for by response sequences Uni of South Carolina CDS - Correct AnswerSpeech therapy research - the most important thing a parent can do to aid success is talk with child 1. Modeling 2. Recasting 3. Expansion and extension UoSC Modeling, CDS - Correct Answerparent/adult provides egs of sentences and vocab that child can observe and begin to use - use proper speaking rate - complete sentences with proper grammar - some larger words and sophisticated synonyms of what child said In form of Self Talk: adult talks aloud about own experiences Parallel Talk: adult talks aloud about child's experiences UoSC Recasting, CDS - Correct Answeradult repeats sentence that corrects child's error - should follow immediately - may have same meaning as child's sentence or adds info UoSC Expansion and Extension, CDS - Correct Answeradult builds upon what child said - longer, more sophisticated sentence that may include richer vocab Nelson CDS, HS - Correct Answer1973 Holophrastic stage - children whose mothers corrected them on word choice and pronunciation actually advanced more slowly than those with mothers who were generally accepting Kuhl CDS - Correct Answer1992 in English, Swedish and Russian he studied exaggerated vowel sounds used by parents when speaking to 6 month olds - babies turn towards adults who speak in singsong Clarke-Stewart CDS - Correct Answer1973 the more a mother provides child with lang., the more they'll acquire it. Talk to them the same as with anyone else. - children whose mothers spoke with them more have larger vocabs Clarke-Stewart CDS 2 - Correct Answersemantically contingent speech - relating to meaning in language or logic. Facilitates CLA - by speaking to them more, child hears lang. related to their own plus more info on topic of interest to them (child: ''truck", adult response: ''a big, big, yellow truck, isn't it?'') Susan Ervin-Tripp CDS - Correct Answerwhat's required for CLA 1. salient and motivating exchanges - learner pays attention 2. lang. input should be comprehensible but slightly in advance of learner's own knowledge in form/ideas 3. learner should be able to engage in 1-on-1 exchanges Pragmatics - Correct Answerlanguage in context Del Hymes P - Correct Answermust achieve communicative competence - when to speak - how to respond to others - appropriate registers Michael Halliday P - Correct Answer7 functions of speech: Instrumental - fulfill a need Regulatory - affect what others do Interactional - develop and maintain social relationships Personal - convey individual info Representational - convey facts and info Imaginative - create imaginary world, play Heuristic - learn about surroundings John Dore P - Correct Answerlanguage functions Labelling - naming something Repeating - adult utterance Answering Requesting action Calling - getting attention by shouting Greeting Protesting - objecting to others' requests Practicing - using lang. when no adult is present Politeness P - Correct Answerunderstanding two-sidedness of conversation, adjusting utterances for personal achievement Goffman P - Correct Answer1955 Face theory - an individual has both positive and negative face needs, therefore interactions between people have potential FTAs Brown and Levinson P - Correct Answer1987 developed positive and negative face politeness strategies Grice P - Correct Answer1975 Maxims - understanding what's required of situations Telegraphic stage - Correct Answer24-36 months function words are omitted but content words are retained to create stuttered phrases early on verb inflections, auxiliary verbs, copula, prepositions, determiners are all omitted questions start to use auxiliary verbs and syntax to indicate the sentence function - no longer just intonation Telegraphic syntactical advances - Correct Answerstarted developing in TWS, becoming stronger enable: order words into phrases and clauses make different types of utterances (simple, compound, complex) for different functions (declarative, interrogative, imperative) Question word order TS - Correct Answergo from tangible to conceptual/temporal 1. where 2. what 3. why 4. when Ursula Bellugi TS - Correct Answer3 stages of negation 1. no/not at the beginning 2. no/not inside sentence 3. attached to auxiliary verb and copula ("No I don't want to go") David Crystal TS - Correct Answeradded 4th stage to Bellugi: 4. learn 'maybe' can be indirect way of saying 'no' Ursula Bellugi TS 2 - Correct AnswerPronouns are difficult to grasp as they perform different functions: 1. learn own name 2. recognise pronouns 3. recognise correct subject/object positions in sentence Determiners TS - Correct Answerdevelop later and attach to nouns Articles (the) Numerals (one) Possessives (my) Quantifiers (some) Demonstratives (this) Jean Berko TS - Correct Answer1958 Wug test - morphological development: prompted to create plural form of nonsensical imaginary creature that couldn't be copied, tests them to apply acquired skill 3/4 of the 4-5 year olds surveyed added '-s' to create 'Wugs' Also questions on verb conjugation and adding other common derivational morphemes - suggests they've already internalised systematic aspects of the linguistic system, acquired rules and patterns from memorised/already known singular-plural pairs Cruttenden TS - Correct Answer1979 Acquisition of inflections 1st stage - memorise words on an individual basis 2nd stage - show awareness of general rules of inflections, observe that past tense forms generally end in '-ed', virtuous errors 3rd stage - use correctly Post-telegraphic stage - Correct Answer36+ months, remaining function words are acquired and used appropriately - combine clause structures with coordinating conjunctions - manipulate verb forms more accurately e.g. with passive voice - construct longer noun phrases e.g. 'two big red buses' Play - Correct Answerhas been called "the work of children" - through it they learn how to interact in environment, discover interests, and acquire cognitive, motor, language, and social-emotional skills Lev Vygotsky Pl - Correct Answerplay is linked to social and cognitive development - young children often use props as pivots to support play - older ones will just use imaginations - role-play adult behaviour to explore environment Dunn and Kendrick Pl - Correct Answer1982 - 1 year old children spend as much time playing with siblings as with mothers - slightly older siblings/verbally skilled friends are ideal partners for learning: can play at level of learner, gain attention, provide meanings and forms closely tuned to child's level (fulfil Ervin-Tripp) Ervin-Tripp Pl - Correct AnswerPredictable routine: use framework of conversation from prior experience, imitation Correction: of errors in predictable routines/game talk for correct enactment Catherine Garvey Pl - Correct AnswerPretend play - practices social interaction/negotiation skills Sociodramatic play - decide roles and responsibilities throughout play, social and dramatic skills with rules to reflect real-world behaviour Garvey's Sociodramatic play - Correct Answerstarts around 4 years old shows cognitive development and pragmatic awareness observe and imitate adult behaviours: - use of field-specific lexis - formulaic structure Parallel play - Correct Answerchildren play adjacent to each other but alone, little or no communication and no cooperative play, but interested in what other children are doing - gain space and time to talk without pressure of being in a conversation, can observe other children and use this information to interact with them or copy their actions and language