UNIT 2 - MOLECULAR & POPULATION GENETICS
, Lecture 1 - DNA Structure, Genes & Chromosomes
LO: Understand the importance of DNA, The structure of DNA, and how genetic information
flows through the ‘Central Dogma’
Function of DNA:
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) stores a transmits the cells genetic into
storage
-
of main into
Must pass an exect copy ofall to each
its DNA daughter cell
-
* recovered from genetic testing.
fragments can survive for decades.
-
MUST:BE STABLE ACCURATELY COPY / CONTAIN CODED INFO.
History of DNA:
① MISCHER-1869
↳ used pos filled bandages to isolate substance rich in phosphorus oNitrogen from the nucleiof wic-named it nuclein/NA
② GUIffITH's EXPERIMENT -
1928
↳ Had Streptococcus pneumonial Bacteria -> smooth strain:virulent / rough strain harmless
-
only 5 strain virulent dead
=
strain harmless alive
only is
-
=
-
killed (strain (heat) = alive
-
livingReads - living found in heart.
dead
CONCLUSION:Achemical substance in dead'sis capable of transforming'n' into
becoming virulent.
③ AVERY, MACLEODO MCCARTY -
1944
↳ showed DNA is the chemical substance that transforms Bacteria
->remove lipids a sugars from heat killed's' cells:leave proteins/RNA/DNA
->
Treat with enzymes to destroy DNA/proleins/RNA
-> Add living's 'cells, observe transformation testpresence of virulent'scells)
↳ DNA is the chemical substance from dead's'strain that is capable to transfer is into virulent,
④ fRANRCINS 8 WICKINS -
1953
↳ used
X-ray diffraction to obtain images of DNA
⑤ WATSON UCHICK -
1953
Deduced DNAwas double Helix images.
after
x-ray diffraction
↳ a
- Wen nobel prize in 1962-100 years after pos.
, The structure of DNA:
↳ multiple nucleotides:Adenine/ Thymine/cytosine/avanine linked together by a
sugar phosphate backbone
-
7) I
polynucleotide strands run 'anti-parallel to eachother, held
by Hydrogen bands between bases.
strands are wound into 'double helix'.
↳ I a
v
↳ pyrimidines:Thymine, cytosine Corasil- UNA) each base has similar width
holding the backbone so is
↳ purines:Adenine, avanine the same distance apart.
Hydrogen bands
Thymine
complementary pailing
Adenine 2
+
=
base
Cytosine avanine+
3
=
Hydrogen bands
Deoxyribose (sugar) phosphate
+
Nitrogenous base
+
sO
·NCH, ↑ ↑M
↑!
0
Y
p=
o
li
↑
!n ↑in
phosphate joins to C4 of sugar o nitrogences base is linked to CI releasing MO
↳ polynucleotides formed via phosphodiester bands:
-
ot on 13 807 on phosphate joins releasing M28.
↳ Major aroove occurs where the backbones are far apart
↳ Minor arous occurs where they are close together
DNA
forms right-handed helix #
helix turn is 3.4
A nm with 10 bases perform
·naryotic
chromosomes:
↳ contain 2, double stranded, circular chromosome
Packaging Prokaryotic Chromosomes:
↳
By forming loops being supercoiled (non-relaxed
eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes are complementary (diploid) 23 pairs Ihaploid each speciwegy 76 chromosomes
=
-
-
- Histone proteins bind to DNA
fold itinto coils(loops in an
organised way
-
between DNA protein
Complex is chromatin.
↳ Histones are
highly conserved, small basic proteins with the charge that bird to -ve DNA
↑ Nucleosomes play a
key role in chromatic
packing
↓
⑤Beads on
-
m string'
+
, Lecture 1 - DNA Structure, Genes & Chromosomes
LO: Understand the importance of DNA, The structure of DNA, and how genetic information
flows through the ‘Central Dogma’
Function of DNA:
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) stores a transmits the cells genetic into
storage
-
of main into
Must pass an exect copy ofall to each
its DNA daughter cell
-
* recovered from genetic testing.
fragments can survive for decades.
-
MUST:BE STABLE ACCURATELY COPY / CONTAIN CODED INFO.
History of DNA:
① MISCHER-1869
↳ used pos filled bandages to isolate substance rich in phosphorus oNitrogen from the nucleiof wic-named it nuclein/NA
② GUIffITH's EXPERIMENT -
1928
↳ Had Streptococcus pneumonial Bacteria -> smooth strain:virulent / rough strain harmless
-
only 5 strain virulent dead
=
strain harmless alive
only is
-
=
-
killed (strain (heat) = alive
-
livingReads - living found in heart.
dead
CONCLUSION:Achemical substance in dead'sis capable of transforming'n' into
becoming virulent.
③ AVERY, MACLEODO MCCARTY -
1944
↳ showed DNA is the chemical substance that transforms Bacteria
->remove lipids a sugars from heat killed's' cells:leave proteins/RNA/DNA
->
Treat with enzymes to destroy DNA/proleins/RNA
-> Add living's 'cells, observe transformation testpresence of virulent'scells)
↳ DNA is the chemical substance from dead's'strain that is capable to transfer is into virulent,
④ fRANRCINS 8 WICKINS -
1953
↳ used
X-ray diffraction to obtain images of DNA
⑤ WATSON UCHICK -
1953
Deduced DNAwas double Helix images.
after
x-ray diffraction
↳ a
- Wen nobel prize in 1962-100 years after pos.
, The structure of DNA:
↳ multiple nucleotides:Adenine/ Thymine/cytosine/avanine linked together by a
sugar phosphate backbone
-
7) I
polynucleotide strands run 'anti-parallel to eachother, held
by Hydrogen bands between bases.
strands are wound into 'double helix'.
↳ I a
v
↳ pyrimidines:Thymine, cytosine Corasil- UNA) each base has similar width
holding the backbone so is
↳ purines:Adenine, avanine the same distance apart.
Hydrogen bands
Thymine
complementary pailing
Adenine 2
+
=
base
Cytosine avanine+
3
=
Hydrogen bands
Deoxyribose (sugar) phosphate
+
Nitrogenous base
+
sO
·NCH, ↑ ↑M
↑!
0
Y
p=
o
li
↑
!n ↑in
phosphate joins to C4 of sugar o nitrogences base is linked to CI releasing MO
↳ polynucleotides formed via phosphodiester bands:
-
ot on 13 807 on phosphate joins releasing M28.
↳ Major aroove occurs where the backbones are far apart
↳ Minor arous occurs where they are close together
DNA
forms right-handed helix #
helix turn is 3.4
A nm with 10 bases perform
·naryotic
chromosomes:
↳ contain 2, double stranded, circular chromosome
Packaging Prokaryotic Chromosomes:
↳
By forming loops being supercoiled (non-relaxed
eukaryotes have multiple, linear chromosomes are complementary (diploid) 23 pairs Ihaploid each speciwegy 76 chromosomes
=
-
-
- Histone proteins bind to DNA
fold itinto coils(loops in an
organised way
-
between DNA protein
Complex is chromatin.
↳ Histones are
highly conserved, small basic proteins with the charge that bird to -ve DNA
↑ Nucleosomes play a
key role in chromatic
packing
↓
⑤Beads on
-
m string'
+
