Unit 12: Infection 2023 with complete solution

Abscess a collection of pus in the tissue, usually in a confined space; abscesses can occur anywhere in the body Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) a progressive disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus; initially an extremely high mortality rate was the norm for this disease, but now combination drug therapy can slow the disease process and lengthen life expectancy of those infected with HIV Airborne Transmission method of spreading disease by breathing tiny pathogens that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time Antibodies proteins produced in the body in response to invasion by a foreign agent (antigen); react specifically with the foreign agent Antigen marker on cells that identifies a cell as self or non-self; antigens on foreign substances that enter the body, such as pathogens, stimulate the production of antibodies by the body Bacteria, Bacterium a form of simple microbe Bedbugs parasites that are difficult to eliminate and have been found throughout the world; they are active mainly at night, seeking a blood meal from a human or animal host Bioterrorism the use of biological agents, such as pathogenic organisms or agricultural pest, for terrorist purposes Carrier person who hosts infectious organisms without having symptoms of disease; this person can give the disease to others and he or she may not know of the infection Causative Agent etiology (cause) of a specific disease process Chain of Infection process of events involved in the transmission and development of an infectious disease Contact Transmission spread of disease by direct or indirect contact with infected person or contaminated objects Contagious communicable or easily spread Contaminated unclean; impure; soiled with microbes Coronavirus any of a group of RNA viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans and other animals Droplet Transmission a method of spreading infection by inhaling pathogens from the droplets of a patient's respiratory secretions; the droplets are believed to stay within three feet of the source patient; this is an area of ongoing research Flora normal population of organisms found in a given area Fomites any object contaminated with germs and thus able to transmit disease Fungi, Fungus class of organisms to which molds and yeast belong Head Lice parasites that live in the hair and scalp and feed on blood; spread primarily by direct contact with an infected person Hepatitis inflammation of the liver Host animal or plant that harbors another organism; see also susceptible host Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunity ability to fight off infectious disease; state of being protected from a disease Immunization medication that makes a person more resistant to an infectious agent Infection invasion and multiplication of any organism and the damage this causes in the body Infectious capable of transmitting disease Inflammation a localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection; characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function Jaundice a yellow color of the skin and sclera Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) bacteria resistant to most antibiotics Method of Transmission see Mode of Transmission Microbe see Microorganism Microorganism tiny organism that can be seen only with a microscope, particularly bacteria Mite microscopic organism that cannot be seen with the naked eye Mode of Transmission manner in which a pathogen moves from one place to another Mold organism in fungus family Nits tiny, oval-shaped eggs of head lice; are yellow-white and adhere to the hair; they look like dandruff, but are firmly attached to the hair shaft and are very difficult to remove Nonpathogen microorganism that does not produce disease Nosocomial pertaining to or originating in a facility Organism any living thing, plant, or animal Parasite organism that lives within, upon, or at the expense of another organism known as a host Pathogen microorganism or other agent capable of producing a disease Portal of Entry area of the body through which microbes enter and cause disease Portal of Exit area of the body through which disease-producing organisms leave the body Protozoa, Protozoon simple one-celled organisms that live on living matter Reservoir storage area; biologically, an animal or source that maintains infectious organisms that periodically can be spread to others Risk Factor condition indicating that a problem may develop, causing the patient's health to worsen Scabies a parasitic disease of the skin that causes a rash and severe itching Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) a serious, highly infectious viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus Source a person who has an infection that can be spread to others Spores microscopic reproductive bodies that spread infection and are very difficult to eliminate, they can survive in a dormant form until conditions are ideal for reproduction, the spores then multiply and continue to spread infection Susceptible Host a person who cannot resist the pathogen and will become ill from entry of the pathogen into the body, see also Host Transmission transfer from one place or person to another Tuberculosis Disease condition occurring when tuberculosis bacteria enter the body and damage tissue Tuberculosis Infection condition in which tuberculosis bacteria enter the body but are walled off and contained and do not cause disease Vaccine artificial or weakened antigens that help the body develop antibodies to prevent infectious disease Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) type of bacteria resistant to most antibiotics Vector carrier, such as an anthropod, that transmits disease Virus tiny living organisms by which some infectious diseases are transmitted Yeast one type of fungus Identify the most common microbes and describe some of their characteristics. Bacteria - are simple one-celled microbes. Some cause infections in the skin, lungs, urinary tract, and bloodstream. Fungi - two groups of fungi are most commonly associated with infection in humans. These are yeast and molds. Both are opportunistic parasites. Under normal conditions, these organisms are harmless. However, when the immune system is weakened, they can cause serious infections. Viruses - the smallest microbe we have been able to identify. Scientists believe that smaller microbes exist, but we cannot see them with the technology available. Protozoa - are simple one-celled organisms that live on living matter. List the links in the chain of infection. • Causative Agent: pathogen that causes the disease. • Reservoir or Source: place where the pathogen can live and reproduce, such as in humans or animals, on environmental surfaces, and fomites. • Portal of Exit: place that provides a way for the pathogen to leave the body, such as on the moisture droplets in a sneeze. • Method or Mode of Transmission: manner in which the pathogen moves from one place to another. • Portal of Entry: manner in which the pathogen enters another person. • Susceptible Host (also called Host): a person who cannot resist the pathogen and will become ill from entry of pathogen into the body. List the ways in which infectious diseases are spread. Transmission (spread) of infectious organisms may happen in one of three ways: Airborne Transmission - small particles remain suspended in the air and move with air currents, or become trapped in dust, which is also carried in air currents. The patient breathes in pathogens carried in this manner. Droplet Transmission - droplets are moist particles produced by people coughing, sneezing, talking, laughing, whistling, spitting, or singing. Pathogens are transmitted into the air with the droplets. Droplets are believed to stay within 3 ft of the source of the infection, but this is an area of ongoing study. Contact Transmission - transmission occurs when there is direct contact with a person who is the reservoir for the pathogens. The infection is usually passed on the hands. Indirect contact occurs when a person touches an item contaminated with pathogens. List natural body defenses against infections. The body has some natural defenses to protect it from infections. The most important of these is the skin. Intact skin acts as a barrier against the entry of pathogens. When a pathogen penetrates the skin, the affected area become swollen, hot, and painful as blood rushes to the area and begins to fight the invading pathogen. Immunity is the ability to fight off disease caused by microbes. A pathogenic microbe that enters the body is an antigen. In response to this, the blood develops substances called antibodies. The antibodies provide immunity (resistance) to the disease caused by that particular antigen.