UW Madison Bio 101 EXAM 3 latest solution update 2023

Define neuroscience, nervous systems, and neurons. - Neuroscience: any science that deals with the structure or function of the nervous system or the brain Neurons: cells that send and receive electrical or chemical signals (nerve cells) Nervous systems: circuits of neurons that integrate internal and external information How do neurons and nervous systems differ in association with species complexity? - More complex organisms have more complex nervous systems and more neurons (hydra--cephalization--bilateral symmetry) What is the CNS? - The Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord What is the PNS? - The Peripheral Nervous System: nerve cells outside the CNS Describe the 3 types of neurons found in the CNS and PNS and how they can work together to regulate behavior. - Sensory neurons: PNS--CNS Interneurons: "talk" to other neurons Motor neurons: CNS--PNS (sensory input--integration--motor output) Which type of neuron is affected by Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS)? - Motor neurons (lose the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement) What are the parts of a neuron? What do they do? List the parts of a neuron in order of the direction in which an electrical signal would typically travel down a neuron. - Dendrites: receive signals Cell body: contains cell machinery Axon hillock: integrates signal decider Axon: sends signals to synaptic terminals Synaptic terminals: sends signals to other cells (neurons, muscles, glands, etc.) What are glial cells? Name 3 and describe what they do. - Wraps itself around an axon to form a segment of the myelin sheath, most abundant cells in the brain, nourish/support neurons, help with mental disorders Oligodendrocytes (CNS)--increase signaling speed Schwann cells (PNS)--increase signaling speed --Astrocytes and microglia