CADC exam prep Ch 2 (Addiction Counselor's Desk Reference) correctly answered to pass!

CADC exam prep Ch 2 (Addiction Counselor's Desk Reference) correctly answered to pass!Moral Model (Definition of Addiction) - Dates to the 1850's. - Defines an addicted client as weak in character. Think "moral failure". - Based on the idea that individuals have free choice and are responsible for their behaviors. Think "morals that are aligned with God" and this approach has influenced public policy and the American judicial system. Self-medication Model (Definition of Addiction) - Originated in the 1960's among psychoanalysts. - Assumes that people self-medicate to cope with life problems. A person in emotional pain will self-medicate to find relief which may eventually lead to addiction. -Self-medication hypothesis should be considered parallel with other approaches and not in competition with them. Medical/Disease Model (Definition of Addiction) - First proposed in 1810 by Dr. Benjamin Rush - Addiction identified as a disease rather than a mental disorder or moral failure. - Disease is identified as a severely harmful, potentially fatal condition that manifests itself in an irreversible loss of control over use of psychoactive substances. Disease may go into remission, no known "cure", since the disease is progressive and often fatal, complete abstinence is the treatment goal. Think "addiction is a disease of the brain". - American Medical Association formally accepted this definition of addiction in 1945. - Disease model accepted by World Health Organization (WHO), American Psychiatric Association (APA), American Society for Addiction Medicine (ASAM), National Association of Social Workers (NASC), & American Public Health (APH). Spirituality Model (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes that addictive disorder stem from a lack of spirituality, that is, being disconnected from a "Higher Power" ("the source of light, truth, love, and wellness"). - AA, NA, etc derive some of their beliefs from this model and help members recover by developing a viable relationship with their "Higher Power". Impulse-Control Disorder (Definition of Addiction) - relatively new definition. - Assumes that either neurobiological or genetic deficiencies make a person unable to control and regulate impulsive behavior(s). - Under certain conditions, such individuals will put themselves at risk and find temporary relief with self-destructive behaviors such as kleptomania, pyromania, and/or drug abuse. Reward Deficiency and Neuro-physiological Adaption (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes that chemical imbalance is manifested as one or more behavioral disorders called the "reward deficiency syndrome". - This disorder is linked by a common biological substrate, a "hard-wired system in the brain (consisting of cells and signaling molecules) that provides pleasure in the process of rewarding certain behaviors." - Supporters suggest that this reward deficiency syndrome may cause a predisposition, or vulnerability, to addiction that includes chemical substances, pathological gambling, sex, and other bx disorders. Genetic Model (Definition of Addiction) - Research over past 20 years indicated genetic predisposition in some individuals to substances of abuse. - Some studies indicate 40% - 60% of an individual's risk for an addiction to chemical substances (alcohol, cocaine, or opiates) is genetic. - Growing number of genetic researchers now believe different classes of substances may be connected to unique genetic preference and may help account for the drug of choice. Bio-medical model (Definition of Addiction) - Introduced in 1990's and draws from both the biological and behavioral sciences. - "Using drugs repeatedly over time changes brain structure and function in fundamental and long-lasting ways that can persist long after the individual stops using them." - Once addiction impacts the brain, the client is driven behaviorally to support the demands made by the brain to prevent becoming ill from withdrawal. Social Learning Model (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes social reinforcement causes individuals to model the drug use behaviors of their parents, older siblings, and peers. - Albert Bandura, social learning theorist, indicates 4 stages of social learning: 1. Attention - the individual makes a conscious cognitive choice to observe the desired behavior 2. Memory - the individual recalls what he has observed from the modeling 3. Imitation - the individual repeats the actions that she has observed 4. Motivation - the individual client must have some internal motivation for wanting to carry out the modeled behavior. Erroneous Thought Patterns (Definition of Addiction) - Assumes that illogical thinking underlies the addiction. - Theorists believe that in order to helps addicted clients, counselors must challenge erroneous thinking, correct flawed thinking, and teach them how to reason correctly. - EX: gambler who believes they have a "system" to beat video poker machine. Biopsychosocial Model (Definition of Addiction) - Developed in 1980's. - Assumes that addiction vulnerability is affected by the complex interaction between one's physical status (functioning of the body), psychological state (how one views and perceives the world), and social dynamics (how and with whom one interacts). - Allows for more flexibility in determining root cause and treatment. Public Health Model (Definition of Addiction) - Institute of Medicine (1989) defines addiction from a public health perspective, identifying 3 etiologic factors: 1. Agents - the psychoactive drugs 2. Hosts - individuals who differ in their genetic, physiological, behavioral, and sociocultural susceptibility to various forms of chemicals 3. Environment - the availability and accessibility of the agent. Characteristics of Addiction All addictions have generally 3 characteristics. Called the 3 C's - Compulsive use, loss of Control, & Continued use despite adverse consequences. Client doesn't have to exhibit all 3 but will happen problem with at least one. -Tolerance and withdrawal. Compulsive use Has 3 elements: 1. Reinforcement - occurs when the addictive substance or behavior is first engaged. Being rewarded with pleasure and/or relief from pain and stress reinforces use. As use continues, tolerance develops and it takes larger doses of the substance or bx to obtain same levels of pleasure and relief. 2. Craving - body and brain send intense signals to brain that the drug or bx is needed. Using drugs on an ongoing basis alters the chemical balance of the brain. Withdrawal symptoms are unpleasant physical symptoms (the opposite of the drug effects) and may kick in when the drugs/bx's are withheld. Psychological cravings related to experience of taking the drug or engaging in the bx can also occur. 3. Habit. Loss of Control Individuals suffering from addictions cannot predict or determine how much of the drug they will use or when they will use it. Once starting difficulty with stopping. - This same loss of control applies to compulsive gambling, sex, binges. Continued use despite adverse consequences - Addictive bx's have negative consequences, however, the pleasure/relief of substance/bx may outweigh the problems and a client may continue to use. Tolerance - When the drug is continually used, the body adapts to - and begins to tolerate - the drugs pharmacological effects. Thus, user needs more and more to get same pleasurable effect. -2 types of tolerance: 1. Metabolic tolerance (pharmacokinetic tolerance) - when the body increases its efficiency in the breaking down chemicals for elimination 2. Pharmacodynamic tolerance (functional tolerance) - when the CNS becomes less sensitive to the effects of the drug of choice. Withdrawal When drug use is stopped, user suffers from unpleasant effects that are usually the opposite of those induced by the chemical. May be life threatening for some. - May create the rebound effect: "the characteristic of a drug to produce reverse effects when the effect of the drug has passed or the client no longer responds to it." - Alcohol withdrawal without medical assistance can escalate to the point where the client may experience delirium tremens (seizures, disorientation, and even death). 3. Types of Addictive Disorders - Neuroscientists view addiction as a brain disorder expressed in compulsive bx's; a condition caused by persistent changes in brain structure and function. Includes not just mood-altering chemical substances but also behaviors such as compulsive gambling, sex, eating (although some believe eating is not an addiction), spending, and extreme work.