Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 7 EXAM

Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module EXAM 7 Question 1 0 / 0 pts What role(s) does the liver serve? Your Answer: The liver has several important functions in the body. It produces bile; metabolizes hormones and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factor; stores vitamins and minerals and converts them to useable material the body can utilize; changes ammonia to urea; and converts fatty acids to ketones. The liver can also store large amounts of glucose as glycogen through a process called glycogenesis. It produces bile; metabolizes hormones and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals and converts them to be useable by the body; changes ammonia to urea; and converts fatty acids to ketones. The liver can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen; synthesize glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of fasting or increased demand; convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue; major site for protein synthesis and degradation. Question 2 0 / 0 pts What is the structure and function of the 4 layers of the GI wall? Your Answer: 1. The mucosal layer -- inner layer that is made up of epithelium, connective tissue called the lamina propria, and smooth muscles. It functions to produce mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal, secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down food. it absorbs the breakdown products of digestion, and it maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms. 2. The submucosal layer -- contains dense connective tissue and some adipose tissue. This layer has blood vessels, nerves and structures that secrete digestive enzymes. 3. The muscularis externa -- consists of an inner layer of circularly arranges smooth muscle cells and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers alternately contact to help move the contents through the GI tract (peristalsis). 4. The serosal layer -- serous membrane is the outermost layer of organs and is also called the visceral peritoneum. The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body. It is comprised of two continuous layers, the visceral and parietal peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum lines the wall of abdominopelvic cavity. Between the two layers is the peritoneal cavity, a potential space containing fluid secreted by the serous membranes. This serous fluid keeps a moist surface to prevent friction between the moving abdominal organs. Mucosal layer: Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal; Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down food; Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion; Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms. Submucosal layer: blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete digestive enzymes. Muscularis externa: inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers help move the contents through the GI tract. Serosal layer: which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of organs, called the visceral peritoneum. Question 3 0 / 0 pts What is the mesentery? Your Answer: The mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall are all included in the mesentery. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat. The mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall. Included in the mesentery are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat. Question 4 0 / 0 pts What is the omentum? Your Answer: The omentum is a double-layered fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or wall. The greater omentum connects to the stomach and covers the transverse colon and the folds of the intestine. The less omentum extends between the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach. The omentum is a double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or wall. The greater omentum contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements of the intestines. Question 5 0 / 0 pts Explain the difference between rhythmic and tonic movements: Your Answer: Rhythmic movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along. They are present in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine. Tonic movements have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. They are present in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal anal sphincter. Rhythmic movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food along. They are found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine. Tonic movements have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. They are located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal anal sphincter. Question 6 0 / 0 pts What is the enteric nervous system? Your Answer: The enteric nervous system is located in the wall of the GI tract and is made up of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. These two plexuses are networks of the nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form reflex circuits. The myenteric and submucosal plexuses both make up the enteric nervous system, located in the wall of the GI tract. These two plexuses are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form reflex circuits.