Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4 exam

vPortage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 4 exam Question 1 0 / 0 pts What is the function of blood? What are the three stages of hemostasis? What is vitamin K needed to synthesize? Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways: Your Answer: 1. Blood functions to transport materials to and from the body's cells. 2. The three states of hemostasis are vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation. 3. Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C. 4. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Both pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful hemostasis. 1. Transport materials to and from the body’s cells. 2. Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation 3. Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C 4. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Both pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful hemostasis. Question 2 0 / 0 pts What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants? What is peripheral vascular resistance? Hemodynamics or blood flow is affected by what factors? What is cardiac output? What is preload? Your Answer: 1. The natural anticoagulants are antithrombin III, protein C, protein S; The drug therapy anticoagulants are warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban. 2. Peripheral vascular resistance is the collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation. 3. Hemodynamics is affected by pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension. 4. The cardiac output is the efficiency of the heart's pump is measured by the cardiac output. The CO is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. CO = SV x HR. 5. Preload is the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents the volume work of the heart. 1. Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban 2. The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation 3. Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension 4. The efficiency of the heart’s pump is measured by the cardiac output. The cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the product of the stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR). CO = SV x HR. 5. Preload is the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents the volume work of the heart. Question 3 0 / 0 pts What is afterload? What is cardiac contractility? What is an inotrope? What is mean arterial pressure?