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Samenvatting Psychologie

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Samenvatting Psychologie

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PSYCHOLOGIE
Samenvatting




Brysse Yme
UGent

0

,1

,Inhoud
1. Inleiding en methoden............................................................................................................8
1.1. Behaviorisme vs. cognitieve psychologie.........................................................................8
1.2. Soorten onderzoekstechnieken.....................................................................................10
1.2.1. Literatuurstudie......................................................................................................10
1.2.2. Naturalistische observatie......................................................................................10
1.2.3. Vragenlijsten...........................................................................................................11
1.2.4. Opiniepeilingen.......................................................................................................11
1.2.5. Interviews................................................................................................................11
1.2.6. Gestandaardiseerde tests.......................................................................................11
1.2.7. Gevalsstudies..........................................................................................................11
1.2.8. Correlaties...............................................................................................................12
1.2.9. Experimenteel onderzoek.......................................................................................14
2. Perceptie - Waarneming.......................................................................................................18
2.1. Van gewaarwording naar waarneming..........................................................................18
2.1.1. Waarneming of perceptie.......................................................................................19
2.1.2. Waarneming als een heuristisch interpretatieproces............................................22
2.1.3. Studie van visuele illusies........................................................................................22
2.1.4. Nieuwe theorie van gedrag.....................................................................................22
2.2. Van de retina naar de hersenen: bottom-up processen................................................26
2.3. Perceptie verbeteren door informatieopname te sturen: top-down processen..........28
2.4. Waarneming van diepte en beweging...........................................................................29
2.4.1. Waarneming van diepte..........................................................................................29
2.4.2. Waarneming van beweging....................................................................................29
2.5. Waarneming en actie.....................................................................................................30
2.6. Hoe belangrijk is leren bij de waarneming?...................................................................30
3. Aandacht, cognitieve controle en bewustzijn.......................................................................32
3.1. Aandacht........................................................................................................................32
3.1.1. Onderzoeksparadigma’s.........................................................................................32
3.1.2. Verklaringsmodellen...............................................................................................33
3.1.3. Aandachtscontrole..................................................................................................35

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, 3.1.4. Aandacht en inhibitie..............................................................................................36
3.1.5. Veranderingsblindheid............................................................................................37
3.1.6. Aandachtsproblemen..............................................................................................37
3.2. Cognitieve controle........................................................................................................39
3.2.1. Taakwissels en dubbeltaken...................................................................................39
3.2.2. Gecontroleerde vs. automatische processen.........................................................41
3.2.3. Inhibitie van automatische reacties........................................................................42
3.2.4. Stoornissen in de cognitieve controle.....................................................................44
3.3. Bewustzijn......................................................................................................................46
3.3.1. Onbewuste processen.............................................................................................47
3.3.2. De huidige kijk op bewuste en onbewuste processen...........................................50
3.4. Slapen en dromen..........................................................................................................51
3.4.1. Lichaamsritmen.......................................................................................................51
3.4.2. Slaapstadia..............................................................................................................52
3.4.3. Slaapproblemen......................................................................................................53
3.4.4. Dromen...................................................................................................................54
3.5. Hypnose..........................................................................................................................55
4. Motivatie en positieve psychologie......................................................................................58
4.1. Wat is motivatie?...........................................................................................................58
4.1.1. Motivatie en behoeften..........................................................................................59
4.1.2. Motivatie en doelen................................................................................................60
4.1.3. Conflicterende motivatie........................................................................................63
4.2. Soorten motivatie..........................................................................................................66
4.3. Positieve psychologie.....................................................................................................69
4.3.1. Misconcepties en vertekeningen............................................................................70
4.3.2. Adaptieve gewoonten.............................................................................................71
4.3.3. Adaptieve overtuigingen.........................................................................................74
5. Leerpsychologie....................................................................................................................76
5.1. Klassieke conditionering................................................................................................77
5.1.1. Verwerven en generaliseren...................................................................................77
5.1.2. Rol bij psychopathologie.........................................................................................80
5.1.3. Generalisatie...........................................................................................................81

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