NCE Practice Test Questions and answers 2022-23

1. Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on her own is known as: - Correct answer-The zone of proximal development (this is a range of tasks that are too difficult for children to do alone, but possible with help) According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the individual will have troubles with the development of: - Correct answer-Intimacy (individuals who fail to attain a lower level of development will fail to attain the next higher level). Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's theory of personality development? - Correct answer-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Jacob's father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds, "Because I said so." The father's response is most representative of which parenting style? - Correct answer-Authoritarian (uses coercion and psychological control to discipline children) Harry Harlow used baby monkeys and several different kinds of "surrogate mothers" to investigate which factors are important in early development and attachment. According to his findings, baby monkeys: - Correct answer-Preferred a soft terry cloth mother to a wire mesh mother than holds a bottle. Which of the following is a myth about suicide in the United States? - Correct answerAsking someone about suicide may push that person over the edge. Cody does what his parents say because he doesn't want to lose his television privileges. This is an example of what level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development? - Correct answer-Preconventional (the individual is most concerned with consequences) Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother, Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds this game fun because he has acquired ____________, which is one of the primary tasks of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. - Correct answer-Object permanence The theorist associated with bonding and attachment is: - Correct answer-Bowlby Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson's: - Correct answer-Ego integrity stage When it comes to displaying aggression, girls more often engage in ____________ aggression than boys. - Correct answer-Relational All of the following are physical characteristics of Down Syndrome EXCEPT: - Correct answer-Large hands and feet Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial influences on self-esteem? - Correct answer-An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high self-esteem Research on gay and lesbian couples - Correct answer-They are as dedicated to and as effective at child rearing as are heterosexual parents. In the Stanford prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly? - Correct answer-It was the social context that determined the behaviors of both the guards and the prisoners. In the Stanford prison study, the setting was so realistic that the participants became guards and prisoners. Their personal identities were masked by the context of being in a prison as either a guard or a prisoner In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when __________. - Correct answer-the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made In the Stanford prison simulation, male college students agreed to participate in an experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that __________. - Correct answer-The individuals who played one role or another really took on their role. It did not matter how the guards treated them or acted toward them, the fact that they became like "real" prisoners was the key finding. Individuals who played guards took on behaviors of "real" guards; and individuals who played prisoners took on behaviors of "real" prisoners. In what ways do stereotypes distort reality? - Correct answer-Stereotypes distort one's ideas about how one group is so different from another group. In reality, the differences between groups are not as extreme as stereotypes make them out to be. Jennifer has to choose between spending the evening at home with her parents or spending the evening babysitting her younger sister. Jennifer does not like either of these choices. This situation describes an: - Correct answer-Since Jennifer doesn't like either of the choices, this would be an avoidance-avoidance conflict. It is simply picking between the lesser of two evils. Connie tells each of her clients that the best way she can help them is to attempt to look at the world from the client's point of view. This counselor is taking the _________ perspective - Correct answer-Emic (this view considers that culture matters) Working with individuals from different cultures requires that the counselor: - Correct answer-Have sensitivity and knowledge about other cultures. A high standard of counseling practice when working with diverse populations involves all of the following EXCEPT: - Correct answer-Treating all clients the same way When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may NOT: - Correct answer-Maintain good eye contact at all times. Murray is a bright student, but he procrastinates. He puts off writing term papers and gets incompletes, which eventually become Fs. Murray's therapist helps him establish small, specific goals rather than vague, long-range goals. The therapist also asks Murray to keep a diary of how he is spending his time when he is avoiding his studies. The method used to help Murray deal with his problem is __________ therapy. - Correct answer-Behavioral The social learning perspective is to the psychodynamic perspective as ____________________ are to ________________________ - Correct answerEnvironmental conditions, unconscious dynamics The process of saying freely whatever comes to mind in connection with dreams, fantasies, or memories in the course of a psychodynamic therapy session, is referred to as _____________________________ - Correct answer-Free association 27. Which of the following is not a behavioral therapy? - Correct answer-Unconditional positive regard 28. The primary goal of __________ therapy is to find meaning in life - Correct answerExistential 29. Which of the following pairings of problem and the most successful therapy for that problem is INCORRECT? - Correct answer-Childhood behavior problems and existential therapy 30. The bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client is called the _______. - Correct answer-Therapeutic alliance 31. An apparent treatment success that is due to the patient's expectation or hopes rather than the treatment itself is called ____________. - Correct answer-the placebo effect 32. In _________ therapy, the therapist uses logical arguments to challenge a client's unrealistic beliefs or expectations. - Correct answer-REBT Systematic desensizitation and flooding are ___________ techniques - Correct answerBehavioral Which of the following types of therapists would be most likely to use free association and transference? - Correct answer-Psychodynamic therapists 35. _________ is a humanist approach that emphasizes the tragic aspects of life, the burden of responsibility, and the need to face the inevitability of death. - Correct answerExistentialism According to Carl Rogers, __________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached. - Correct answer-Unconditional positive regard Which of the following pairs of personality theorists and perspectives is INCORRECT? - Correct answer-Carl Jung; genetic Which of the following terms is associated with transactional analysis? - Correct answer-Complementary transactions Which one of the following does NOT belong with the other three? - Correct answerGlasser The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs is known as: - Correct answer-Extinction Freud is to ego, id, and superego as ___________ is to parent, adult, and child. - Correct answer-Berne Developed by Luft and Ingham, ______________ asserts that there are four parts to the personality: the public self, the blind self, the private self, and the unknown self. - Correct answer-The Johari Window In which is the focus on the meaning of life and the relevance of the individual experience? - Correct answer-Existential counseling Popular techniques of this approach are role playing, "empty chair," and "making the rounds." - Correct answer-Gestalt Popular techniques of this approach are examination of client's memories, "spitting in the client's soup," and "catching oneself." - Correct answer-Adlerian In this therapeutic approach, the counselor's emphasis is on being authentic while concentrating on verbal and nonverbal messages. - Correct answer-Existential Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used by _____________ counselors. - Correct answer-Psychoanalytic Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by: - Correct answer-Donald Meichenbaum According to Freud, _____________________ is the most important defense mechanism. An example of this defense mechanism is when a woman who has been physically abused by her spouse doesn't remember ever being hurt by him. - Correct answer-Repression A dog that has been trained to stop and stand at attention when she hears a duck call does not stop and stand at attention when she hears a goose call. This is an example of: - Correct answer-Stimulus discrimination The disadvantage of closed-ended questions is that the client usually fails to: - Correct answer-disclose personal information and continue to dialogue with the counselor Rational-emotive behavior therapy follows a five-step system using ABCDE, where D stands for: - Correct answer-Disputing the irrational belief The goals of this type of therapy include gaining knowledge about the self and recognizing and integrating the self. - Correct answer-Jungian In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus must _________________ the unconditioned stimulus. - Correct answer-Precede In contrast to feeling sorry for the client, the counselor needs to demonstrate ___________ toward the client. - Correct answer-Empathy In order to facilitate growth in a client, the counselor uses all of the following strategies EXCEPT: - Correct answer-Abandonment A(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish. - Correct answer-Intermittent The primary distinction between reinforcement and punishment is that reinforcement ___________ the likelihood of the behavior to occur again, while punishment _________________ the likelihood of the behavior to occur again. - Correct answer-Increases; decreases 59. Negative reinforcement _______________ the behavior by ________________ a reinforcer; positive reinforcement ______________ the behavior by ____________ a reinforcer. - Correct answer-increases, taking away; increases, adding There are long silences, several members of the group are acting out, and it seems like all the group members are expressing frustrations with both the structure of the group and the way the group leader is functioning. Most likely this group is in the ___________ state of the group process. - Correct answer-Transition From this perspective the group goals are to enable members to pay close attention to their here-and-now experiences so they can recognize and integrate disowned aspects of themselves. - Correct answer-Gestalt Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group counseling? - Correct answerFocus on individual needs As a leader of a group, Barb is very structured. She sets and directs all of the group's goals and activities and hardly ever asks the participants for input. Most likely, Barb has a(n) ________ style of leadership. - Correct answer-Authoritarian What is likely to happen in a group when the leader is authoritarian? - Correct answerMembers become dependent on the leader All of the following are characteristics of an open group EXCEPT: - Correct answerThere is good cohesion In contrast to a homogeneous group, a heterogeneous group: - Correct answer-Has members with greater awareness of themselves and others All of the following are assumptions of groups EXCEPT: - Correct answer-The leader is a member of the group During the working stage of the group, the leader's role is to: - Correct answer-provide reinforcement, link themes, support risks, and encouraging translating insight into action. The emphasis for this type of group is on prevention and development of healthy behaviors. - Correct answer-Primary There is a distinction between group content and group process. An example of group process would be: - Correct answer-Sarah monopolizes the conversation and doesn't allow others to contribute, and Joe rolls his eyes every time Sarah says something (these are behaviors that go beyond just words) Greg seems to make light of everything that goes on in the group. If someone is late, for example, he makes a humorous remark about calling for a search party. Greg would be described as the __________ of the group. - Correct answer-Joker A counselor is conducting the initial screening of individuals who may be included in a bereavement group. An appropriate candidate for the group would be one who: - Correct answer-Is free from the use of alcohol or other drugs A group has co-leaders. That is, there are two trained counselors who are facilitating the group together. All of the following are advantages of co-leadership groups EXCEPT: - Correct answer-There is less time spent observing participants The group leader points out defenses, resistances, and transferences as they occur in this type of group. - Correct answer-Psychoanalytic Premature termination of participation in a group usually occurs when an individual is: - Correct answer-Not very motivated Career-oriented, successful ethnic minority women: - Correct answer-Often display unusually high self-efficacy The group that is most affected by the "glass ceiling phenomenon" consists of: - Correct answer-Women who are in careers most often populated by men Which group of students would be least likely to seek out career counseling? - Correct answer-None In dual-career families, the woman typically: - Correct answer-has an established career before having children Compared with high school students who enter the workforce right after graduation, students who go to college can expect to: - Correct answer-Earn about $10,000 more per year