Nutrition Midterm Exam #3 Ch 8-10 Chapter 8: 26 questions Chapter 9: 30 questions Chapter
10: 19 questions (Maybe)
Chapter 8 Water and Minerals:
Minerals- Naturally occurring, inorganic homogenous substances; chemical elements
Major Minerals- Essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than
100 milligrams per day, also called macrominerals.
Trace Minerals- Essential Mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100
milligrams per day/ also called microminerals
Water: more water each day than any other nutrient, 50 times more water than protein and 5,000
times more water than vitamin C. Lack of water can alter the body’s chemistry and metabolism.
Water has many functions, Major Roles of water in the body: Sweating, Solvent,
Transportation, Lubricant, Cushionand Temperature Control
130 pd person 1pd=454 g
Major minerals are in order: Calcium (1150), Phospherous, (600) Potassium, (210) Sulfur, (150)
Sodium Chloride, (90) and Magnesium. (30)
Trace Minerals are in order: Iron (2.4), Zinc (2.0), Copper (0.09), Manganese (0.02), Iodine
(0.02), Selenium (0.02).
Water makes up about 60% of an adults persons weight. That's almost 80 pounds of water in a
130 pound person. The brain and muscles are 75 to 80 percent water by weight, even bones
contain 25 percent water.
Why is Water the Most Indispensible Nutrient?
Solvent: A nearly universal solvent it dissolves amino acids, glucose, minerals, and many other
substances needed by the cells. Cleansing Agent: Water= body’s cleansing agent. Small
molecules, such as the nitrogen wastes generated during protein metabolism, dissolve in the
watery blood and must be removed; Kidneys filter these wastes from the blood and excrete them
Lubricant and Cushion: lubricant and a cushion for the joints and it can protect sensitive
tissues such as the spinal cord from shock. Coolant: Maintain body temperature and the water of
sweat is the body’s coolant. The skin secretes sweat and its water evaporates.
To sum up water: Carries nutrients throughout the body and serves as the solvent for minerals.
Cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes. Actively participates in many chemical reactions and
Acts as a lubricant around joints. Serves as a shock absorber inside the eyes, spinal cord, joints
and amniotic sac surrounding a fetus in the womb, Aids in maintaining the body’s temperature.
The body’s water balance: Imbalances can occur but the balance is restored. The body controls
both intake and excretion to maintain water equilibrium.
Solvent- a substance that dissolves another and holds it in solution
Dialysis- A medical treatment for failing kidney in which a person’s blood is circulated through a
machine that filters out toxins and wastes and returns cleansed blood to the body. Also called
hemodialysis.
1
,Water balance: the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body’s
water content constant
Dehydration: loss of water, the symptoms progress rapidly from thirst to weakness to
exhaustion and delirium and end in death.
Water intoxication: Dangerous dilution of the body’s fluids resulting from excessive ingestion
of plain water. Symptoms are headaches, muscular weakness, lack of concentration, poor
memory and loss of appetite.
Water Balance A Typical Example: Water leaves the body through the evaporation of sweat, in
the moisture of exhaled breath, in the urine and in the feces.
Water input- Total 1,450- 2,800 ml
Foods (700-1000 ml) Liquids (550-1,500 ml) Water created by metabolism (200-300 ml)
Water output- Total 1,450-2,800 ml
Kidneys- (500-1,400 ml) Skin (450-900 ml) Lungs (350 ml) Feces (150 ml)
Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses- The hypothalamus (brain center) responds to
information about the concentrated blood particles, low cell fluid volume, or low blood pressure.
The hypothalamus also signals the pituitary gland to release a hormone that directs the kidneys to
shift water back into the bloodstream from the fluid destined to become urine. The kidneys
themselves respond to the sodium concentration in the blood passing through them and secrete
regulatory substances of their own.
Dehydration: When too much water is lost from the body and is not replaced, the signal that the
body has already lost a cup or two of its total fluid and the need to drink is immediate. Elderly
people, fail to perceive the thirst message. Instead of wasting precious water in sweat the
dehydrated body diverts most of its water into the blood vessels to maintain the life supporting
blood pressure.
➢ With a loss of just 1 percent of body weight as fluid, perceptible symptoms appear:
headache, fatigue, confusion or forgetfulness, and an elevated heart rate. A loss of 2
percent impairs physical functioning and impedes a wide range of physical activities.
Older adults in whom thirst is blunted should drink regularly throughout the day
regardless of thirst.
People who drink caffeinated beverages lose a little more fluid than when they drink water
because caffeine acts as a diuretic. The DRI committee concluded however that the mild diuretic
effect of moderate caffeine intake does not lead to dehydration nor does it keep people from
meeting their fluid needs.
Did YOU KNOW???? Water loss can be expressed as a percentage of body
weight. In a 150 pound person: A 3 lb loss of body fluid equals 2% of the body
weight.
3 divided by 150 X 100= 2%
A 4 ½ lb loss equals 3% of body weight
4.5 divided by 150 X 100= 3%
2
,Table 8.1: Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration and Chronic Lack of Fluid
Mild Dehydration Severe Dehydration Chronic Low Fluid Intake
Loss of <5% Body Weight Loss of >5% Body Weight May Increase the
Likelihood of
Thirst Pale Skin Cardiac arrest (heart attack
and other heart problems
Sudden weight loss Bluish lips and fingertips Constipation
(cyanosis)
Rough dry skin Confusion, disorientation Dental Disease
Dry mouth throat body Rapid Shallow breathing Gallstones
linings
Rapid pulse low BP Weak rapid irregular pulse Glaucoma
Lack of Energy, weakness Thickening of blood Hypertension
Impaired Kidney Function Seizures and Shock Kidney stones
Concentrated urine and Coma and death Pregnancy/childbirth
oliguria problems
Decreased mental Stroke
functioning
Decreased muscular work Urinary Tract Infections
and athletic performance
Fever or internal temp.
Fainting and delirium
Water Intoxication- Too much plain water floods the body’s fluids and disturbs their normal
composition. Water intoxication is rare, but when it occurs, immediate action is needed to reverse
dangerously diluted blood before death ensues.
Key Points:
1. Water losses from the body must be balanced by water intakes to maintain hydration.
2. The brain regulates water intake; the brain and kidneys regulate water excretion
3. Caloric beverages add to energy intakes
4. Dehydration and water intoxication can have serious consequences.
How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day? Water needs vary depending on the foods a
person eats, the air temperature and humidity, the altitude, the person’s activity level and
other factors. Fluids need vary and also within the same person in various environmental
conditions.
Water from Fluids and Foods: Men need about 13 cups of fluid from beverages including
drinking water, and women need about 9 cups. This amount of fluid provides about 80 percent
of the body’s daily water need.
Diuretic- a compound, usually a medication causing increased urinary water excretion, a water
pill.
Factors That Increase Fluid Needs:
1. Alcohol Consumption
2. Cold Weather
3. Dietary Fiber
4. Diseases such as Diabetes and Kidney Disease
3
, 5. Heated environments High altitude, hot weather, and high humidity
6. Increased protein, salt or sugar intake and Ketosis
7. Medications (diuretics) and Physical activity
8. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
9. Prolonged diarrhea vomiting or fever
10. Surgery, blood loss, or burns and Very young or old age
Table 8-3 Water in Foods and Beverages: Many solid foods such as broccoli or steak are
surprising high in water
100% Water, diet soft drinks, seltzer (unflavored)
plain tea.
95-99% Sugar free gelatin desert, clear broth,
Chinese cabbage, celery, cucumber,
lettuce,
summer squash, black coffee
90-94% Sports drink, grapefruit, fresh strawberries,
broccoli, tomatoes.
80-89% Sugar sweetened soft drinks, milk, yogurt,
egg white, fruit juices, low fat cottage
cheese, cooked oatmeal, fresh apple, carrot.
60-79% Low calorie mayonnaise, instant pudding,
banana, shrimp, lean steak, pork chop,
baked potato, cooked rice
40-59% Diet margarine, sausage, chicken, macaroni
and cheese
20-39% Bread, cake, cheddar cheese, bagel
10-19% Butter, margarine, regular mayonnaise
5-9% Peanut butter, popcorn
1-4% Ready to eat cereals, pretzels
0% Cooking oils, meat fats, shortening, white
sugar.
Most of the body’s needed daily fluid comes from the water in foods. Nearly all foods contain
some water: water constitutes up to 95% of the volume of most fruits and vegetables and at least
50 percent of many meats and cheeses.
The Effect of Sweating on Fluid Needs: Sweating water needs, people can lose 2 to 4 gallons
of fluid in a day. The importance of maintaining hydration for athletes exercising in the heat
cannot be overemphasized.
DID YOU KNOW? Some beverages are measured in cups and ounces, but others, are measured
in Liters (L). As this list shows, 4 cups (32 ounces or 1 quart) measures a little less than 1 Liter.
Cups (fluid oz) = mL (L)
8 c (64 oz) = 1,893 (approximately 2)
6 ½ c (52 oz) = 1,538 (approximately 1.5)
4 c (32 oz) = 946 (approximately 1)
2 ½ c (20 oz) = 237 (approximately 0.2)
1 c (8 oz) = 237 (approximately 0.2)
4
10: 19 questions (Maybe)
Chapter 8 Water and Minerals:
Minerals- Naturally occurring, inorganic homogenous substances; chemical elements
Major Minerals- Essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than
100 milligrams per day, also called macrominerals.
Trace Minerals- Essential Mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100
milligrams per day/ also called microminerals
Water: more water each day than any other nutrient, 50 times more water than protein and 5,000
times more water than vitamin C. Lack of water can alter the body’s chemistry and metabolism.
Water has many functions, Major Roles of water in the body: Sweating, Solvent,
Transportation, Lubricant, Cushionand Temperature Control
130 pd person 1pd=454 g
Major minerals are in order: Calcium (1150), Phospherous, (600) Potassium, (210) Sulfur, (150)
Sodium Chloride, (90) and Magnesium. (30)
Trace Minerals are in order: Iron (2.4), Zinc (2.0), Copper (0.09), Manganese (0.02), Iodine
(0.02), Selenium (0.02).
Water makes up about 60% of an adults persons weight. That's almost 80 pounds of water in a
130 pound person. The brain and muscles are 75 to 80 percent water by weight, even bones
contain 25 percent water.
Why is Water the Most Indispensible Nutrient?
Solvent: A nearly universal solvent it dissolves amino acids, glucose, minerals, and many other
substances needed by the cells. Cleansing Agent: Water= body’s cleansing agent. Small
molecules, such as the nitrogen wastes generated during protein metabolism, dissolve in the
watery blood and must be removed; Kidneys filter these wastes from the blood and excrete them
Lubricant and Cushion: lubricant and a cushion for the joints and it can protect sensitive
tissues such as the spinal cord from shock. Coolant: Maintain body temperature and the water of
sweat is the body’s coolant. The skin secretes sweat and its water evaporates.
To sum up water: Carries nutrients throughout the body and serves as the solvent for minerals.
Cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes. Actively participates in many chemical reactions and
Acts as a lubricant around joints. Serves as a shock absorber inside the eyes, spinal cord, joints
and amniotic sac surrounding a fetus in the womb, Aids in maintaining the body’s temperature.
The body’s water balance: Imbalances can occur but the balance is restored. The body controls
both intake and excretion to maintain water equilibrium.
Solvent- a substance that dissolves another and holds it in solution
Dialysis- A medical treatment for failing kidney in which a person’s blood is circulated through a
machine that filters out toxins and wastes and returns cleansed blood to the body. Also called
hemodialysis.
1
,Water balance: the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body’s
water content constant
Dehydration: loss of water, the symptoms progress rapidly from thirst to weakness to
exhaustion and delirium and end in death.
Water intoxication: Dangerous dilution of the body’s fluids resulting from excessive ingestion
of plain water. Symptoms are headaches, muscular weakness, lack of concentration, poor
memory and loss of appetite.
Water Balance A Typical Example: Water leaves the body through the evaporation of sweat, in
the moisture of exhaled breath, in the urine and in the feces.
Water input- Total 1,450- 2,800 ml
Foods (700-1000 ml) Liquids (550-1,500 ml) Water created by metabolism (200-300 ml)
Water output- Total 1,450-2,800 ml
Kidneys- (500-1,400 ml) Skin (450-900 ml) Lungs (350 ml) Feces (150 ml)
Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses- The hypothalamus (brain center) responds to
information about the concentrated blood particles, low cell fluid volume, or low blood pressure.
The hypothalamus also signals the pituitary gland to release a hormone that directs the kidneys to
shift water back into the bloodstream from the fluid destined to become urine. The kidneys
themselves respond to the sodium concentration in the blood passing through them and secrete
regulatory substances of their own.
Dehydration: When too much water is lost from the body and is not replaced, the signal that the
body has already lost a cup or two of its total fluid and the need to drink is immediate. Elderly
people, fail to perceive the thirst message. Instead of wasting precious water in sweat the
dehydrated body diverts most of its water into the blood vessels to maintain the life supporting
blood pressure.
➢ With a loss of just 1 percent of body weight as fluid, perceptible symptoms appear:
headache, fatigue, confusion or forgetfulness, and an elevated heart rate. A loss of 2
percent impairs physical functioning and impedes a wide range of physical activities.
Older adults in whom thirst is blunted should drink regularly throughout the day
regardless of thirst.
People who drink caffeinated beverages lose a little more fluid than when they drink water
because caffeine acts as a diuretic. The DRI committee concluded however that the mild diuretic
effect of moderate caffeine intake does not lead to dehydration nor does it keep people from
meeting their fluid needs.
Did YOU KNOW???? Water loss can be expressed as a percentage of body
weight. In a 150 pound person: A 3 lb loss of body fluid equals 2% of the body
weight.
3 divided by 150 X 100= 2%
A 4 ½ lb loss equals 3% of body weight
4.5 divided by 150 X 100= 3%
2
,Table 8.1: Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration and Chronic Lack of Fluid
Mild Dehydration Severe Dehydration Chronic Low Fluid Intake
Loss of <5% Body Weight Loss of >5% Body Weight May Increase the
Likelihood of
Thirst Pale Skin Cardiac arrest (heart attack
and other heart problems
Sudden weight loss Bluish lips and fingertips Constipation
(cyanosis)
Rough dry skin Confusion, disorientation Dental Disease
Dry mouth throat body Rapid Shallow breathing Gallstones
linings
Rapid pulse low BP Weak rapid irregular pulse Glaucoma
Lack of Energy, weakness Thickening of blood Hypertension
Impaired Kidney Function Seizures and Shock Kidney stones
Concentrated urine and Coma and death Pregnancy/childbirth
oliguria problems
Decreased mental Stroke
functioning
Decreased muscular work Urinary Tract Infections
and athletic performance
Fever or internal temp.
Fainting and delirium
Water Intoxication- Too much plain water floods the body’s fluids and disturbs their normal
composition. Water intoxication is rare, but when it occurs, immediate action is needed to reverse
dangerously diluted blood before death ensues.
Key Points:
1. Water losses from the body must be balanced by water intakes to maintain hydration.
2. The brain regulates water intake; the brain and kidneys regulate water excretion
3. Caloric beverages add to energy intakes
4. Dehydration and water intoxication can have serious consequences.
How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day? Water needs vary depending on the foods a
person eats, the air temperature and humidity, the altitude, the person’s activity level and
other factors. Fluids need vary and also within the same person in various environmental
conditions.
Water from Fluids and Foods: Men need about 13 cups of fluid from beverages including
drinking water, and women need about 9 cups. This amount of fluid provides about 80 percent
of the body’s daily water need.
Diuretic- a compound, usually a medication causing increased urinary water excretion, a water
pill.
Factors That Increase Fluid Needs:
1. Alcohol Consumption
2. Cold Weather
3. Dietary Fiber
4. Diseases such as Diabetes and Kidney Disease
3
, 5. Heated environments High altitude, hot weather, and high humidity
6. Increased protein, salt or sugar intake and Ketosis
7. Medications (diuretics) and Physical activity
8. Pregnancy and breastfeeding
9. Prolonged diarrhea vomiting or fever
10. Surgery, blood loss, or burns and Very young or old age
Table 8-3 Water in Foods and Beverages: Many solid foods such as broccoli or steak are
surprising high in water
100% Water, diet soft drinks, seltzer (unflavored)
plain tea.
95-99% Sugar free gelatin desert, clear broth,
Chinese cabbage, celery, cucumber,
lettuce,
summer squash, black coffee
90-94% Sports drink, grapefruit, fresh strawberries,
broccoli, tomatoes.
80-89% Sugar sweetened soft drinks, milk, yogurt,
egg white, fruit juices, low fat cottage
cheese, cooked oatmeal, fresh apple, carrot.
60-79% Low calorie mayonnaise, instant pudding,
banana, shrimp, lean steak, pork chop,
baked potato, cooked rice
40-59% Diet margarine, sausage, chicken, macaroni
and cheese
20-39% Bread, cake, cheddar cheese, bagel
10-19% Butter, margarine, regular mayonnaise
5-9% Peanut butter, popcorn
1-4% Ready to eat cereals, pretzels
0% Cooking oils, meat fats, shortening, white
sugar.
Most of the body’s needed daily fluid comes from the water in foods. Nearly all foods contain
some water: water constitutes up to 95% of the volume of most fruits and vegetables and at least
50 percent of many meats and cheeses.
The Effect of Sweating on Fluid Needs: Sweating water needs, people can lose 2 to 4 gallons
of fluid in a day. The importance of maintaining hydration for athletes exercising in the heat
cannot be overemphasized.
DID YOU KNOW? Some beverages are measured in cups and ounces, but others, are measured
in Liters (L). As this list shows, 4 cups (32 ounces or 1 quart) measures a little less than 1 Liter.
Cups (fluid oz) = mL (L)
8 c (64 oz) = 1,893 (approximately 2)
6 ½ c (52 oz) = 1,538 (approximately 1.5)
4 c (32 oz) = 946 (approximately 1)
2 ½ c (20 oz) = 237 (approximately 0.2)
1 c (8 oz) = 237 (approximately 0.2)
4
