Lecture 1
Media use in 2019
Why do we care about the scientific study of media entertainment?
- people spend a significant part of their day with consuming media for
entertainment
- ME consumption has a strong influence on self, relation to others and the
world
- there is a lot of content available for media entertainment
Enjoyment; according to Anne Bartashc, enjoyment is a meta emotion, meaning that
during media entertainment we experience many different positive and negative
emotions, that we evaluate as enjoyable when we reflect on the experience
Media entertainment is
- “media content designed to be consumed for purposes of leisure (rather than
specifically for information gain, learning, or persuasion)” Oliver 2009
- “a form of playing, ie, a form of coping with reality. An activity that is most
often characterized by different forms of pleasure, but - in certain situations -
also by unpleasant aspects. It is an intrinsically motivated action that usually
leads to a temporary change in perceived reality and that is repeated quite
often by people who are, during this process, less intellectually vivid and
attentive than they could be” Vordere 2001
Example exam question
,Lecture 2
Uses and gratification of media entertainment
What is media selection
Early research vs today
Uses and gratifications theory
What is media selection; people don't consume all the content that is available. They make a
selection.
Media selection is a goal oriented decision process through which people
consciously or subconsciously select from the available mediated messages or avoid
certain mediated messages.
Consciously ben je aware of, je weet waarom je een keuze maakt.
Human media interaction
media selection → psychological processes media effects
in users →
selection selective processing selective remembering
before during after
Psychological processes in users; We zijn bv niet bewust dat we van het ene naar het
andere punt kijken in een reclame.
Media effect; je weet bepaalde dingen nog, je vertelt ze door.
Understanding media selection
Je wordt niet beïnvloed door dingen die je niet ziet. Dan zal er dus ook geen media effect
zijn. We zijn geïnteresseerd in de effecten en daarom selecteren we dingen wel en niet.
What determines media selection?
- is it something in the media
- is it something the user
Verschillende theorieën hierover
2 groepen
user centered theories
- uses and gratifications
- mood management
- habit models
- cognitive decisions models
media centered theories
- certain features in the new media attract audiences bv interactivity
What is media selection
Phases of media selection
,Before media use
1. Selection of a media drive or non media driven activity
2. selection of a medium bv tv tellie of tablet and a platform bv netflix
3. selection of a mediated message provided by the medium
What is media selection?
Phases of media selection; hartmann 2006
Early understanding; agency, escapism
Agency of the audience
Do audiences passively receive mediated messages or do they active participants at
all stages of the interaction?
2 early understanding of mass media audience
1950-60`s theories;
- tv in households
- audience is lacking agency, a passive receptor of mediated messages
- primary; question; what are media doing to us
media selection, media effects
- early media research focused on the success of campaigns
- could the new mass media produce dramatic effects on mass society?
In contrast to assumptions about powerful media effects, empirical studies from the
1940's started to show that audience members were;
- active, not passive
- selective, not capture audience selectief, geboeid publiek
- obstinate/koppig, not gullible/niet goed gelovig
Lazarsfeld & Katz 1940; the importance of selection and use
- peoples predispositions/voorkeur affect their media choices
- people make strategic use of media to meet their needs
- media are primarily influential via interpersonal talk
, Lazarsfeld en katz; worries about escapism
“people are deprived and alienated, it is suggested, and so they turn to the dreamlike
world of the mass media for substitute gratifications, the consequences of which is
still further withdrawal form the arena of social and political action”
Het werd negatief gezien. Mensen escape dan blijven ze daar en dan zijn ze niet meer
bewust van de realiteit.
Worries about escapism
‘... further withdrawal form the arena of social and political action’
Katz en foulkes
What exactly do we mean by consuming ‘escapist’ media? A process…
- of consuming a distraction content
- driven by a motivation or drive
- psychological escapism
- comes with high levels of exposure
- social context of exposure is important
- dysfunctional consequences
ze identificeren 3 layers in het artikel
1. social political affairs
2. interpersonal relations
3. intrapsychic; De term duidt op datgene wat persoonlijk, privé is, wat in het
binnenste huist
Katz & Foulkes 1962
- Yes, some media use is escapist, where people forget about troubles or lose
themselves
- but there is great variation in the type of needs and linkages cannot be taken
for granted
Media use in 2019
Why do we care about the scientific study of media entertainment?
- people spend a significant part of their day with consuming media for
entertainment
- ME consumption has a strong influence on self, relation to others and the
world
- there is a lot of content available for media entertainment
Enjoyment; according to Anne Bartashc, enjoyment is a meta emotion, meaning that
during media entertainment we experience many different positive and negative
emotions, that we evaluate as enjoyable when we reflect on the experience
Media entertainment is
- “media content designed to be consumed for purposes of leisure (rather than
specifically for information gain, learning, or persuasion)” Oliver 2009
- “a form of playing, ie, a form of coping with reality. An activity that is most
often characterized by different forms of pleasure, but - in certain situations -
also by unpleasant aspects. It is an intrinsically motivated action that usually
leads to a temporary change in perceived reality and that is repeated quite
often by people who are, during this process, less intellectually vivid and
attentive than they could be” Vordere 2001
Example exam question
,Lecture 2
Uses and gratification of media entertainment
What is media selection
Early research vs today
Uses and gratifications theory
What is media selection; people don't consume all the content that is available. They make a
selection.
Media selection is a goal oriented decision process through which people
consciously or subconsciously select from the available mediated messages or avoid
certain mediated messages.
Consciously ben je aware of, je weet waarom je een keuze maakt.
Human media interaction
media selection → psychological processes media effects
in users →
selection selective processing selective remembering
before during after
Psychological processes in users; We zijn bv niet bewust dat we van het ene naar het
andere punt kijken in een reclame.
Media effect; je weet bepaalde dingen nog, je vertelt ze door.
Understanding media selection
Je wordt niet beïnvloed door dingen die je niet ziet. Dan zal er dus ook geen media effect
zijn. We zijn geïnteresseerd in de effecten en daarom selecteren we dingen wel en niet.
What determines media selection?
- is it something in the media
- is it something the user
Verschillende theorieën hierover
2 groepen
user centered theories
- uses and gratifications
- mood management
- habit models
- cognitive decisions models
media centered theories
- certain features in the new media attract audiences bv interactivity
What is media selection
Phases of media selection
,Before media use
1. Selection of a media drive or non media driven activity
2. selection of a medium bv tv tellie of tablet and a platform bv netflix
3. selection of a mediated message provided by the medium
What is media selection?
Phases of media selection; hartmann 2006
Early understanding; agency, escapism
Agency of the audience
Do audiences passively receive mediated messages or do they active participants at
all stages of the interaction?
2 early understanding of mass media audience
1950-60`s theories;
- tv in households
- audience is lacking agency, a passive receptor of mediated messages
- primary; question; what are media doing to us
media selection, media effects
- early media research focused on the success of campaigns
- could the new mass media produce dramatic effects on mass society?
In contrast to assumptions about powerful media effects, empirical studies from the
1940's started to show that audience members were;
- active, not passive
- selective, not capture audience selectief, geboeid publiek
- obstinate/koppig, not gullible/niet goed gelovig
Lazarsfeld & Katz 1940; the importance of selection and use
- peoples predispositions/voorkeur affect their media choices
- people make strategic use of media to meet their needs
- media are primarily influential via interpersonal talk
, Lazarsfeld en katz; worries about escapism
“people are deprived and alienated, it is suggested, and so they turn to the dreamlike
world of the mass media for substitute gratifications, the consequences of which is
still further withdrawal form the arena of social and political action”
Het werd negatief gezien. Mensen escape dan blijven ze daar en dan zijn ze niet meer
bewust van de realiteit.
Worries about escapism
‘... further withdrawal form the arena of social and political action’
Katz en foulkes
What exactly do we mean by consuming ‘escapist’ media? A process…
- of consuming a distraction content
- driven by a motivation or drive
- psychological escapism
- comes with high levels of exposure
- social context of exposure is important
- dysfunctional consequences
ze identificeren 3 layers in het artikel
1. social political affairs
2. interpersonal relations
3. intrapsychic; De term duidt op datgene wat persoonlijk, privé is, wat in het
binnenste huist
Katz & Foulkes 1962
- Yes, some media use is escapist, where people forget about troubles or lose
themselves
- but there is great variation in the type of needs and linkages cannot be taken
for granted
