Nature of Matter & Separation Techniques

Matter is anything that has mass (quantity of an object) and occupies space.
Basic S.I unit for mass is mole
Common physical properties (associated with physical changes) are: boiling point, melting
point, density, hardness, malleability, crystalline form etc.
Chemical properties come up when matter undergoes a change to form new substances
Physical change is temporary, reversible and no new products are formed WHILE chemical
change is permanent, irreversible and new products are formed.
PHYSICAL CHANGES
1. Changes in state of matter like melting of solids to liquids, freezing of liquids to
solids, vaporisation, sublimation etc.
2. Separation of mixtures by evaporation, distillation, fractional distillation,
sublimation, crystallization.
3. Magnetization and demagnetization of iron rods
4. And others…


CHEMICAL CHANGES
1. Dissolution of metals and limestone in acids
2. Rusting of iron
3. Adding water to quicklime(slaking of lime)
4. Fermentation and decay of substances
5. The changes in an electrochemical cell


Difference between physical and chemical changes

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
1. Easily reversible Not easily reversible
2. No new substance formed Entirely new substances formed
3. No change in mass of a substance Change in mass of substance that
involved in the change undergoes the change
4. Doesn’t involve a great heat change Considerable amount of heat change
involved


Matter is classified into elements, compounds and mixtures.
Element is a substance which can’t be split into simpler units by an ordinary chemical
process
Elements are classified into metals, metalloids and non-metals.

, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS NON-METALS
1. Malleable, ductile or sonorous Not malleable, not ductile nor sonorous
2. Great tensile strength Brittle or soft, not hard
3. Lustrous Non-lustrous
4. Good conductors of heat or Poor conductors
electricity
5. High melting and boiling point Non-metals except carbon have low
melting and boiling points
6. Relatively high densities Low densities


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS

METALS NON-METALS
1. Reducing agents or they have Oxidizing agents or they tend to ionize by
tendency to ionise by losing gaining electrons to form anions
electrons to form cations
2. Form basic oxides Have acidic oxides
3. Some reactive metals can displace Can’t displace hydrogen from acids
hydrogen from acids
4. Generally tend to form ionic Generally tend to form covalent compouds
compounds


Compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined
together. It is formed as a result of a chemical change. The component elements of a
compound are always present in a fixed ratio by mass.

COMPOUND COMPONENT ELEMENTS FORMULA
1. Water Hydrogen, Oxygen H2O
2. Sand Silicon, Oxygen SiO2
3. Limestone Calcium, Carbon, Oxygen CaCO3
4. Common salt Sodium, Chlorine NaCl
5. Sugar(sucrose Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen C12H22O11
)
6. Ethanol Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen C2H5OH
7. Washing soda Sodium, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Na2CO3.10H2O
8. Hard soap Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen C17H35COONa
9. Caustic soda Sodium, Oxygen, Hydrogen NaOH


Mixture consists of two or more constituents which can easily be separated by physical
methods. Constituents of mixtures could be either elements or compounds.

MIXTURE CONSTITUENTS