Physics 7
atomic and nuclear
physics
•
isotopes
0
an isotope is an atom with the same proton number
,
but with
varying nucleon numbers / neutrons
o notation / nuclide notation
✗ ✗ [ mass / nucleon number ] e. 9 carbon compared to carbon -14
Y Y [ Element symbol ] 14
z
12C [
2 [ Proton Number ]
6 6
•
radioactive decay
0
the random emission of radiation from an isotope as a result of an unstable nucleus
( radiation emitted from nucleus) → random natural , spontaneous
,
o three types of radioactive decay
g-
(1) Alpha particles ( t
) examples of
ionising radiation
,
and can
(2) Beta particles ( B ) be measured
using
a GM Tube
(3) Gamma rays ( Y)
•
alpha particles
⑥ a helium nucleus ( two
protons ,
two neutrons
,
no electrons)
• relative mass of 4am
of +2
• relative charge
high ionising power
o low danger to external body ,
high
to internal
5cm in air
•
range
• can be stopped by skin or
paper
• beta particles
" " " " "" ° "" "" "" " " " "" " "
" "" "
" " "
° "
" " "
relative of 1 and electron The electron
• mass / zooo amu a
proton an .
relative charge of 1 escapes as a beta
particle
-
☒ .
• moderate ionising ability
and in in
°
danger to both internal external organisms This results an increase charge of the isotope .
1 metre in air
•
range
•
can be stopped by plastic or aluminium
gamma rays
•
•
an
electromagnetic wave
•
relative mass and relative charge of 0
• low
ionising ability
to external
☐
high danger body ,
low to inside
in air
•
infinity range
•
can be stopped by thick concrete or lead
•
background radiation
detected Muller counters
by Geiger
-
•
• come from a
rarity of sources ; cosmic
rays ,
rocks and soils
, living organisms that absorb radiation
radiation
•
safety precautions to prevent against
(1) don't and limit time
handle
directly of exposure
(2) wear
protective gear
?⃝
atomic and nuclear
physics
•
isotopes
0
an isotope is an atom with the same proton number
,
but with
varying nucleon numbers / neutrons
o notation / nuclide notation
✗ ✗ [ mass / nucleon number ] e. 9 carbon compared to carbon -14
Y Y [ Element symbol ] 14
z
12C [
2 [ Proton Number ]
6 6
•
radioactive decay
0
the random emission of radiation from an isotope as a result of an unstable nucleus
( radiation emitted from nucleus) → random natural , spontaneous
,
o three types of radioactive decay
g-
(1) Alpha particles ( t
) examples of
ionising radiation
,
and can
(2) Beta particles ( B ) be measured
using
a GM Tube
(3) Gamma rays ( Y)
•
alpha particles
⑥ a helium nucleus ( two
protons ,
two neutrons
,
no electrons)
• relative mass of 4am
of +2
• relative charge
high ionising power
o low danger to external body ,
high
to internal
5cm in air
•
range
• can be stopped by skin or
paper
• beta particles
" " " " "" ° "" "" "" " " " "" " "
" "" "
" " "
° "
" " "
relative of 1 and electron The electron
• mass / zooo amu a
proton an .
relative charge of 1 escapes as a beta
particle
-
☒ .
• moderate ionising ability
and in in
°
danger to both internal external organisms This results an increase charge of the isotope .
1 metre in air
•
range
•
can be stopped by plastic or aluminium
gamma rays
•
•
an
electromagnetic wave
•
relative mass and relative charge of 0
• low
ionising ability
to external
☐
high danger body ,
low to inside
in air
•
infinity range
•
can be stopped by thick concrete or lead
•
background radiation
detected Muller counters
by Geiger
-
•
• come from a
rarity of sources ; cosmic
rays ,
rocks and soils
, living organisms that absorb radiation
radiation
•
safety precautions to prevent against
(1) don't and limit time
handle
directly of exposure
(2) wear
protective gear
?⃝
