Test Bank For Personality Theory and Research 14th Edition By Cervone

Test Bank For Personality Theory and Research 14th Edition By Cervone Chapter: Chapter 01: Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories Multiple Choice 1. The text emphasizes that a big difference between intuitive theories about people and scientific theories of personality is that the personality scientist must a) engage in scientific observation. b) interrelate concepts about people systematically. c) provide ideas that are testable. d) all of the above. Ans: d 2. A unique feature of a course in personality psychology is that, unlike other courses, the focus is on Ans: d a) motivation. b) nervous system functioning. c) the whole person. d) social systems and culture. 3. The text defines personality mainly in terms of a) consistent patterns of behavior. b) unconscious wishes. c) traits. d) all of the above. Ans: a 4. In general terms, the text suggests that the science of personality b. is the study of how individuals differ in their perceptions and how c. these differences relate to their total functioning. d. attempts to understand how people are alike while recognizing that individuals are different in some ways. 2 e. attempts to develop strategies for further research. a) all of the above. Ans: d 5. Which of the following are emphasized as central to the study of personality? a) individual differences and consistent patterns of functioning. b) individual differences and the operation of conscious processes. c) patterns of organization and the operation of conscious processes. d) all of the above. Ans: a 6. Structural concepts refer to e) stable aspects of personality. f) dynamic aspects of personality. g) parts of the body. h) all of the above. Ans: a 7. “Units of analysis” refer to i) the basic variables of a given theory. j) the original source of data for a given theory. k) the research methods employed most frequently in a given theory. l) the theoretical assumptions of a given theorist. Ans: d 8. The personality concept that refers to individual consistency and approximates the lay person’s concepts to describe people is Ans: c m) response. n) habit. o) trait. p) motive. 3 9. A clustering of traits is called a q) unit of analysis. r) type. s) factor. t) dimension. Ans: b 10. Concepts such as trait and type fall into which of the following areas? u) structure. v) process. w) growth and development. x) psychopathology. Ans: a 11. Relative to one another in terms of level of organization and degree of abstraction, the following statement is true about the concepts of trait and type. Ans: c y) They are at the same level of organization and abstraction. z) The concept of trait suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of type. aa) The concept of type suggests more organization and more abstraction than the concept of trait. bb) No general tendency can be found in relation to the two concepts. 12. A “system” cc) has many parts dd) has interconnections among its parts ee) displays behavior that reflects its overall organization ff) all of the above Ans: d 4 13. "Why" type questions are those that address gg) the determinants of personality. hh) structural factors. ii) organization of characteristics. jj) motivational characteristics. Ans: d 14. When entities are organized in such a manner that one entity is seen as an example of another, or as serving a purpose of the other, one calls this specific overall organization a Ans: b kk) structure. ll) hierarchy. mm) process. nn) system. 15. The more stable aspects of the person's functioning and the more fluid, changing aspects are covered by the concepts of Ans: d oo) growth and development. pp) process and motive. qq) motive and development. rr) structure and process. 16. Internal states of tension that activate action are called ss) traits. tt) goals. uu) drives. vv) beliefs . Ans: c 17. Goals, drives, and motives have been particularly central to _____ aspect of personality theories. ww) structure xx) process 5 Ans: b yy) developmental zz) all of the above 18. The phrase “nature versus nurture” refers to the study of aaa) genetic versus environmental influences. bbb) unconscious versus conscious influences. ccc) family versus peer influences. ddd) processes versus structures. Ans: a 19. A problem with the “nature versus nurture” formulation is that eee) nature is not important to personality. fff) nurture is not important to personality. ggg) neither nature nor nurture is important to personality. hhh) the “versus” is the problem, i.e., nature and nurture are not opposing forces. Ans: d 20. Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called iii) genetics. jjj) temperament. kkk) structures. lll) processes. Ans: b 21. Research suggests that temperament is mmm) strongly determined by biological and genetic factors. nnn) is not influenced by the environment. ooo) can be influenced by the environment. ppp) a & b qqq) a & c Ans: e 6 22. Genetic research suggests that in different “racial” and ethnic human groups rrr) there is hardly any overlap at all between groups. sss) about half one group’s genetic makeup is similar to that of other groups. ttt) most of our genetic makeup is shared, i.e., is common to all groups. Ans: c 23. Pinker’s book The Blank Slate argues that uuu) the mind, at birth, is like a blank slate. vvv) personality is primarily the product of social learning experiences. www) personality is influenced primarily by parenting. xxx) the mind is primarily a product of biological evolution. Ans: d 24. An important aspect of cultural influences on personality is that yyy) often we are unaware of the influence. zzz) we can always evaluate its influence. aaaa) it is the same for all individuals. bbbb) it is only important for a few aspects of our functioning. Ans: a 25. Parents influence their children's behavior by f. selectively rewarding behaviors. g. serving as role models. h. eliciting specific behaviors by presenting situations to them. i. all of the above. Ans: d 26. Why are children from the same family so different? a) They have different genes. b) They have different family experiences. c) They have different experiences outside the family. 7 d) all of the above. Ans: d 27. The concept of reaction range suggests that the following set limits on personality development Ans: b e) parents. f) genes. g) cultures. h) social class. 28. The role of genetic factors in personality is most clearly seen in i) temperament. j) beliefs and values. k) career choice. l) cognitive style. j. Ans: a 29. Which of the following is emphasized as playing a major role in the development of personality? Ans: d a) genetic factors. b) family environment. c) cultural factors. d) all of the above. 30. The text emphasizes that the study of psychopathology is important to consider when studying personality because k. many personality theorists also were therapists treating pathology. l. the ability to foster clinical improvement is an important “bottom line” for evaluating a personality theory. m. some sort of theory of personality often is required to solve practical problems. n. all of the above. 8 Ans: d 31. According to the text, theories serve to o. establish truth and separate it from fiction. p. organize the known and suggest new relationships to be found q. fit individuals into defined categories. r. disprove other theories. Ans: b 32. Theories a) organize what is known. b) suggest ways to discover what is not yet known. c) may close off avenues of research. d) all of the above. Ans: d 33. Some possible contributions of theory are to e) sharpen research objectives. f) make research more organized. g) organize what is known. h) all of the above. Ans: d 34. The extreme views on whether the determinants of behavior are internal or external are represented by which pair of names? Ans: c i) Allport/Freud. j) Sullivan/White. k) Freud/Skinner. l) White/Kuhn. 35. Regarding the question of whether individual differences in personality are stable 9 over time, it can be said that m) research shows that such differences are not stable. n) research shows that such differences are stable. o) research on the topic is inconclusive. p) little or no research has explored this difficult topic. Ans: b 36. Which of the following has been a traditional reason for emphasis on the concept of self? s. Self-awareness is an important phenomenological experience. t. How we feel about ourselves seems to influence our behavior. u. The concept of self expresses the organized, integrated aspects of human personality. v. All of the above. Ans: d 37. The concept of the unconscious relates to a) the methods we use for personality assessment. b) whether we use the concept of self. c) whether we accept an energy model. d) all of the above. Ans: a 38. Conscious, rather than unconcious processes, strongly come into play when people e) experience emotions. f) have sexual desires. g) contemplate important life decisions. h) store information in memory. Ans: c 39. A critical question for personality theory concerns i) whether the past or future is more important. j) how to conceptualize the role of the past and future. k) whether the past can influence the present. l) all of the above. 10