Inhoud
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Definitie persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................................................5
Terminologie.........................................................................................................................................................6
Persoonlijkheidspsychologie.................................................................................................................................6
Drie analyseniveaus...........................................................................................................................................6
Theorie vs onderzoek........................................................................................................................................7
Dispositionele theorieën................................................................................................................................ 7
Wat zijn persoonlijkheidstrekken?........................................................................................................................7
Verschillende visies definitie trek......................................................................................................................8
Identificeren van trekken......................................................................................................................................8
Lexicale benadering...........................................................................................................................................8
Statistische benadering.....................................................................................................................................8
Theoretische benadering..................................................................................................................................8
evolutie van trektheorieën....................................................................................................................................8
Gordon Allport...................................................................................................................................................8
Raymon cattell...................................................................................................................................................9
Hans Eysenck.....................................................................................................................................................9
Five-factor model..................................................................................................................................................9
Fiske: eerste visie van de 5 factoren...............................................................................................................10
Paul T. Costa & Robert R. McCrae...................................................................................................................10
Later.................................................................................................................................................................10
Empirische ondersteuning..............................................................................................................................11
De vijfde factor................................................................................................................................................12
Is het FFM volledig?.........................................................................................................................................12
Evaluatie van het FFM.....................................................................................................................................12
Five-factor theory................................................................................................................................................13
Centrale component van de FFT.....................................................................................................................13
Perifere componenten van de FFT behoren strikt gezien niet tot persoonlijkheid .......................................14
Basisuitgangspunten van de FFT.....................................................................................................................14
Biologische theorieën.................................................................................................................................. 14
Hans Eysenck (PEN-model)..................................................................................................................................14
Biologische basis introvert vs extravert..........................................................................................................14
Biologische basis neurotisch vs emotioneel stabiel........................................................................................15
Jeffrey Gray BIS/BAS-model (wordt zeer veel in de praktijk gehanteerd) .........................................................16
Robert Cloninger.................................................................................................................................................16
, Neurotransmitters en persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................17
Temperamentdimensies.................................................................................................................................17
Biologisch model cloninger.............................................................................................................................17
Empirische evidentie?.........................................................................................................................................18
Psychodynamische persoonlijkheidstheorieën............................................................................................. 18
Klassieke psychoanalyse......................................................................................................................................18
Freud (vorm van human nature).....................................................................................................................18
Structuur van de persoonlijkheid – Freud.......................................................................................................19
Dynamiek van de persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................................20
Psychoseksuele ontwikkeling van de persoonlijkheid....................................................................................21
Psychoanalytische therapie.............................................................................................................................22
Evaluatie van de psychoanalyse......................................................................................................................22
Neo-analytische beweging..................................................................................................................................23
Egopsychologie....................................................................................................................................................24
Erik Erikson......................................................................................................................................................24
Karen Horney...................................................................................................................................................24
Objectrelatietheorie............................................................................................................................................24
Hechting in volwassen relaties........................................................................................................................25
Humanistische theorieën............................................................................................................................. 26
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................26
Maslow................................................................................................................................................................26
behoeftepiramide............................................................................................................................................26
Carl Rogers...........................................................................................................................................................27
Sociaal-cognitivistische theorieën................................................................................................................ 27
Persoonlijke constructtheorie.............................................................................................................................27
Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie.............................................................................................................................28
Bandura – wederzijds determinisme..............................................................................................................29
Julian Rotter: expectancy – value theory & locus of control..........................................................................29
Walter Mischel – caps.....................................................................................................................................30
Assessment van persoonlijkheid.................................................................................................................. 30
Informatiebronnen m.b.t. persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................................30
Zelfrapportage (S-data) selfrepport data.......................................................................................................30
Observatie (O-data).........................................................................................................................................31
Testdata (T-data).............................................................................................................................................31
Anamnestische gegevens (L-data)...................................................................................................................32
Evaluatie van meetinstrumenten........................................................................................................................33
Combineren van soorten data........................................................................................................................33
, Ontwikkeling van meetinstrumenten.................................................................................................................33
Aggregatie.......................................................................................................................................................34
Onderzoeksdesign in persoonlijkheidspsychologie............................................................................................34
Gevalstudie......................................................................................................................................................34
Methodologische kwesties..................................................................................................................................34
Onzorgvuldigheid............................................................................................................................................34
Centrale antwoordtendentie..........................................................................................................................35
Faking op vragenlijsten....................................................................................................................................35
Barnum statements.........................................................................................................................................35
Consistentie en stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................35
Cross-situationele consistentie...........................................................................................................................35
Temporele stabiliteit...........................................................................................................................................36
Basisbegrippen................................................................................................................................................36
Persoonlijkheidsstabiliteit in baby-, peuter- en kindertijd en adolescentie...................................................37
Gedragsgenetica en persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................. 39
Het menselijk genoom........................................................................................................................................39
Controverse over genen en persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................40
Doel van gedragsgenetica...................................................................................................................................40
Wat is erfelijkheid?..............................................................................................................................................40
Gedragsgenetisch onderzoek..............................................................................................................................41
Selectief kweken enkel bij dieren...................................................................................................................41
Familieonderzoek............................................................................................................................................41
Tweelingonderzoek.........................................................................................................................................41
Adoptieonderzoek...........................................................................................................................................42
Onderzoeksbevindingen......................................................................................................................................43
Gedeelde vs niet-gedeelde omgevingsinvloeden...............................................................................................43
Genen en omgeving............................................................................................................................................43
Het zelf........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Zelfconcept..........................................................................................................................................................44
Ontwikkeling van het zelfconcept...................................................................................................................44
Zelfschema’s....................................................................................................................................................45
Eigenwaarde........................................................................................................................................................45
Zelfevaluatie....................................................................................................................................................46
Sociale identiteit..................................................................................................................................................47
Wat is sociale identiteit?.................................................................................................................................47
Ontwikkeling van sociale identiteit.................................................................................................................47
Identiteitscrisissen...........................................................................................................................................47
, Coping......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Wat is coping?.....................................................................................................................................................48
Coping vs persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................................................49
Persoonlijkheid en school en werk............................................................................................................... 49
Persoonlijkheid en school...................................................................................................................................49
VFM (vijf-factorenmodel) en schoolse prestaties...........................................................................................50
Sociale cognitie................................................................................................................................................50
Motivationele processen.................................................................................................................................51
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................52
persoonlijkheid en werk......................................................................................................................................52
Werkprestaties................................................................................................................................................53
Leiderschap.....................................................................................................................................................55
Dark side van persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................................................55
PH-meetinstrumenten in A&O........................................................................................................................56
Persoonlijkheid en relaties........................................................................................................................... 58
Persoonlijkheid en partnerselectie.....................................................................................................................58
Persoonlijkheid en relatietevredenheid..............................................................................................................59
Persoonlijkheid en vriendschap..........................................................................................................................61
Persoonlijkheid en sociale media........................................................................................................................62
Persoonlijkheid en mentaal welbevinden..................................................................................................... 63
Emoties................................................................................................................................................................63
Geluk....................................................................................................................................................................64
Neuroticisme.......................................................................................................................................................65
Affectieve intensiteit...........................................................................................................................................65
Persoonlijkheid en emotioneel welbevinden......................................................................................................66
Persoonlijkheid en lichamelijke gezondheid................................................................................................. 66
Theoretische modellen........................................................................................................................................66
Stress...................................................................................................................................................................68
Soorten stressoren..........................................................................................................................................68
Soorten stress..................................................................................................................................................69
Primaire en secundaire beoordeling...............................................................................................................69
Coping..................................................................................................................................................................69
Attributiestijl....................................................................................................................................................69
Optimisme.......................................................................................................................................................69
Emotieregulatie...............................................................................................................................................70
Disclosure........................................................................................................................................................70
Persoonlijkheid en gezondheid: type A-PH.........................................................................................................70
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Definitie persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................................................5
Terminologie.........................................................................................................................................................6
Persoonlijkheidspsychologie.................................................................................................................................6
Drie analyseniveaus...........................................................................................................................................6
Theorie vs onderzoek........................................................................................................................................7
Dispositionele theorieën................................................................................................................................ 7
Wat zijn persoonlijkheidstrekken?........................................................................................................................7
Verschillende visies definitie trek......................................................................................................................8
Identificeren van trekken......................................................................................................................................8
Lexicale benadering...........................................................................................................................................8
Statistische benadering.....................................................................................................................................8
Theoretische benadering..................................................................................................................................8
evolutie van trektheorieën....................................................................................................................................8
Gordon Allport...................................................................................................................................................8
Raymon cattell...................................................................................................................................................9
Hans Eysenck.....................................................................................................................................................9
Five-factor model..................................................................................................................................................9
Fiske: eerste visie van de 5 factoren...............................................................................................................10
Paul T. Costa & Robert R. McCrae...................................................................................................................10
Later.................................................................................................................................................................10
Empirische ondersteuning..............................................................................................................................11
De vijfde factor................................................................................................................................................12
Is het FFM volledig?.........................................................................................................................................12
Evaluatie van het FFM.....................................................................................................................................12
Five-factor theory................................................................................................................................................13
Centrale component van de FFT.....................................................................................................................13
Perifere componenten van de FFT behoren strikt gezien niet tot persoonlijkheid .......................................14
Basisuitgangspunten van de FFT.....................................................................................................................14
Biologische theorieën.................................................................................................................................. 14
Hans Eysenck (PEN-model)..................................................................................................................................14
Biologische basis introvert vs extravert..........................................................................................................14
Biologische basis neurotisch vs emotioneel stabiel........................................................................................15
Jeffrey Gray BIS/BAS-model (wordt zeer veel in de praktijk gehanteerd) .........................................................16
Robert Cloninger.................................................................................................................................................16
, Neurotransmitters en persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................17
Temperamentdimensies.................................................................................................................................17
Biologisch model cloninger.............................................................................................................................17
Empirische evidentie?.........................................................................................................................................18
Psychodynamische persoonlijkheidstheorieën............................................................................................. 18
Klassieke psychoanalyse......................................................................................................................................18
Freud (vorm van human nature).....................................................................................................................18
Structuur van de persoonlijkheid – Freud.......................................................................................................19
Dynamiek van de persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................................20
Psychoseksuele ontwikkeling van de persoonlijkheid....................................................................................21
Psychoanalytische therapie.............................................................................................................................22
Evaluatie van de psychoanalyse......................................................................................................................22
Neo-analytische beweging..................................................................................................................................23
Egopsychologie....................................................................................................................................................24
Erik Erikson......................................................................................................................................................24
Karen Horney...................................................................................................................................................24
Objectrelatietheorie............................................................................................................................................24
Hechting in volwassen relaties........................................................................................................................25
Humanistische theorieën............................................................................................................................. 26
Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................26
Maslow................................................................................................................................................................26
behoeftepiramide............................................................................................................................................26
Carl Rogers...........................................................................................................................................................27
Sociaal-cognitivistische theorieën................................................................................................................ 27
Persoonlijke constructtheorie.............................................................................................................................27
Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie.............................................................................................................................28
Bandura – wederzijds determinisme..............................................................................................................29
Julian Rotter: expectancy – value theory & locus of control..........................................................................29
Walter Mischel – caps.....................................................................................................................................30
Assessment van persoonlijkheid.................................................................................................................. 30
Informatiebronnen m.b.t. persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................................30
Zelfrapportage (S-data) selfrepport data.......................................................................................................30
Observatie (O-data).........................................................................................................................................31
Testdata (T-data).............................................................................................................................................31
Anamnestische gegevens (L-data)...................................................................................................................32
Evaluatie van meetinstrumenten........................................................................................................................33
Combineren van soorten data........................................................................................................................33
, Ontwikkeling van meetinstrumenten.................................................................................................................33
Aggregatie.......................................................................................................................................................34
Onderzoeksdesign in persoonlijkheidspsychologie............................................................................................34
Gevalstudie......................................................................................................................................................34
Methodologische kwesties..................................................................................................................................34
Onzorgvuldigheid............................................................................................................................................34
Centrale antwoordtendentie..........................................................................................................................35
Faking op vragenlijsten....................................................................................................................................35
Barnum statements.........................................................................................................................................35
Consistentie en stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................35
Cross-situationele consistentie...........................................................................................................................35
Temporele stabiliteit...........................................................................................................................................36
Basisbegrippen................................................................................................................................................36
Persoonlijkheidsstabiliteit in baby-, peuter- en kindertijd en adolescentie...................................................37
Gedragsgenetica en persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................. 39
Het menselijk genoom........................................................................................................................................39
Controverse over genen en persoonlijkheid.......................................................................................................40
Doel van gedragsgenetica...................................................................................................................................40
Wat is erfelijkheid?..............................................................................................................................................40
Gedragsgenetisch onderzoek..............................................................................................................................41
Selectief kweken enkel bij dieren...................................................................................................................41
Familieonderzoek............................................................................................................................................41
Tweelingonderzoek.........................................................................................................................................41
Adoptieonderzoek...........................................................................................................................................42
Onderzoeksbevindingen......................................................................................................................................43
Gedeelde vs niet-gedeelde omgevingsinvloeden...............................................................................................43
Genen en omgeving............................................................................................................................................43
Het zelf........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Zelfconcept..........................................................................................................................................................44
Ontwikkeling van het zelfconcept...................................................................................................................44
Zelfschema’s....................................................................................................................................................45
Eigenwaarde........................................................................................................................................................45
Zelfevaluatie....................................................................................................................................................46
Sociale identiteit..................................................................................................................................................47
Wat is sociale identiteit?.................................................................................................................................47
Ontwikkeling van sociale identiteit.................................................................................................................47
Identiteitscrisissen...........................................................................................................................................47
, Coping......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Wat is coping?.....................................................................................................................................................48
Coping vs persoonlijkheid...................................................................................................................................49
Persoonlijkheid en school en werk............................................................................................................... 49
Persoonlijkheid en school...................................................................................................................................49
VFM (vijf-factorenmodel) en schoolse prestaties...........................................................................................50
Sociale cognitie................................................................................................................................................50
Motivationele processen.................................................................................................................................51
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................52
persoonlijkheid en werk......................................................................................................................................52
Werkprestaties................................................................................................................................................53
Leiderschap.....................................................................................................................................................55
Dark side van persoonlijkheid.........................................................................................................................55
PH-meetinstrumenten in A&O........................................................................................................................56
Persoonlijkheid en relaties........................................................................................................................... 58
Persoonlijkheid en partnerselectie.....................................................................................................................58
Persoonlijkheid en relatietevredenheid..............................................................................................................59
Persoonlijkheid en vriendschap..........................................................................................................................61
Persoonlijkheid en sociale media........................................................................................................................62
Persoonlijkheid en mentaal welbevinden..................................................................................................... 63
Emoties................................................................................................................................................................63
Geluk....................................................................................................................................................................64
Neuroticisme.......................................................................................................................................................65
Affectieve intensiteit...........................................................................................................................................65
Persoonlijkheid en emotioneel welbevinden......................................................................................................66
Persoonlijkheid en lichamelijke gezondheid................................................................................................. 66
Theoretische modellen........................................................................................................................................66
Stress...................................................................................................................................................................68
Soorten stressoren..........................................................................................................................................68
Soorten stress..................................................................................................................................................69
Primaire en secundaire beoordeling...............................................................................................................69
Coping..................................................................................................................................................................69
Attributiestijl....................................................................................................................................................69
Optimisme.......................................................................................................................................................69
Emotieregulatie...............................................................................................................................................70
Disclosure........................................................................................................................................................70
Persoonlijkheid en gezondheid: type A-PH.........................................................................................................70
