The cell and anatomy division Chapter 7 questions answered 2022

The cell and anatomy division Chapter 7 questions answered 2022What is learning? The process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities (knowing how). Behaviorism in early search -Treated organism as tabula rasa -John Watson and Little Albert -It explained learnign solely in terms of directly observabe events. Ethology -Focused on animal behaviour in natural environments. -FOcused on functions of behaviour What is the importance of adaptive significance of behaviour? How behaviour influences changes of survival and reproduction What is personal adaptation? -Involves learning -Interactions with immediate and past environments What is species adaption? -Involves natural selection -Adaptions passed on through genes -Become part of species 'nature' What is habituation? -Decreases in response strength to a repeated stimulus What is sensitization? -Increases in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus What is classical conditioning? -Associating one stimulus with another Example of classical conditioning -Have a lucky "thing" you bring to an exam -Special "thing" you do before an athletic event -Anyone with a pet has seen this form of learning Who is Pavlov Studied salivary responses in dogs -A natural response -No learning involved Noted dogs salivated at sounds (eg: footsteps, tone) -How did the 'association' with tone come about What is acquisition? Period during which association is being learned What are the 4 important elements? -Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) -Unconditioned response (UCR) -Conditioned stimulus (CS) -Conditioned response (CR) What is unconditioned stimulus? -Triggers a reflexive or innate, unconditoned response (UCR) without prior learning What is unconditioned resposne? -Response triggered by UCS without prior learning What is conditioned stimulus? -Through association with UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response similar to the original UCR What is conditioned response -A response triggered by a conditioned stimuus What are the 4 types of CS-UCS pairings? -Forwards short-delay -Forward trace -Simutaneous -Backward What is forward short delay? -The CS still present when UCS is presented -Optimal learning What is forward trace? -CS appears and then goes off -Best if delay is no more than 2-3 seconds What is simultaneous? -Presented at same time -Learning is slower What is backward? -Presented afterward -Litte learning What is extinction? -The process in which CS is presented in absense of UCS -Causes CR to weaken and eventually disappear What is spontaneous recovery? -After a rest period without any new learnings trials there will be a reappearance of previously extingushed CR -Usually weaker than initial CR, extinguishes more rapidly What is a stimulus generalizaton? -Stimuli similar to initial -CS elicit a CR What is discrimination? -CR occurs to one stimuus but not to another -Weaker responses What are the four types of classical conditional therapies? -Exposure therapy -Systemic densitization -Flooding -VR therapy What is exposure therapy? Extinction of conditional response through exposure to conditional stimulus wihtout presence of unconditional stimulus. What is systemic densitization? Muscular relaxation passed with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulus. What is flooding? Exposure to fearful stimulus What is VR therapy? It is effectiv. e for phobias What is thorndike's law of effect? -A response followed by a "satisfying" consequence more likely to occur. -A response followed by "unsatisfying" consequence less likely to occur. What is instrumenta learning? Behavior is instrumental in bringing about certain outcomes. What are the three types of operant conditioning? -Skinner operant -Reinforcement operant -Punishment operant What is skinner operant? -Operant conditioning facilitates personal adaptation What is reinforcement operant? -Response strenghened by outcome that follows What is punishment operant? -Response weakened by outcome that folows What does classical conditioning focus on? -Focuses on elicited behavior What does operant conditioning foucs on? -Focuses on emitted behaviors What is positive reinforcement? -Response is strengthened by presentaton of a stimulus (the positive reinforcer) that follows it What is primary reinforcers? -Stimuli that are reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (e.g. food drink) What is secondary reinforcers? -Acquire reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers (e.g. money praise) What is negative reinforcement? -Response strengthened by removal of an aversive stimulus. What is positive punishment? Aversive punishment. -Response weakened by subsequent stimulus presentation Ex: Spanking or scolding What is negative punishment? Response const Ex: loss of privileges or money -misbehaving child gets "time out" that removes opportunity to watch TV or play What are the advantages of negative punishment over positive punishment? -Less likely to create strong fear -Does not model aggression What is primary reinforcers? -satisfies bilogical needs -Becomes reinforcers through association with primary reinforcement. Delay of gratification -Involves ability to forego immediate reward for more satisfying outcome later -Individual variability -Role in drinking, smoking, criminal behaviour