Chapter 8 the cell anatomy and division questions well answered 2022

Chapter 8 the cell anatomy and division questions well answered 2022What is memory? The process that allows us to record and retrieve experiences and information . What are the three basic memory processes? -Encoding = Translating into neural code -Storage = Retained over time -Retrieval = pulled back out What are the 3 stage model? 1)Sensory memoy 2)Working/short term memory 3)Long term memory Describe sensory memory. 1)Iconoic stores: visual information -Lasts fractions of a second 2)Echoic stores: auditory information -Lasts about 2 seconds -Partial trace can last longer Describe short term memory. 1)Temporarily holds limited amount of information. -Stores and process information of which we are conscious Describe working memory. 1)Codes and works on information Capacity and duration for short tem and working memory? Magical number is 7 + or _ 2 (miller, 1956) -5-9 meaningful items -Digit span task How do you increase short-term memory duration? -Chinking -Combining individual itesm into larger units of meaning What is the shelf-life for memory information? It is about 20 seconds -It is rapidly lost unless we actively do somehting with it How do you extend short term duration? -Maintenance rehearsal -Simple repetition -Elaborative ehearsal-Focus on meaning -More effective Describe short term memory at work. -A mental workplace -Stores information, actively processes it -supports problem solving and planning What are the 3 components of short term memory at work? 1)Phonological loop -auditory storage 2)visual-spatial sketchpad -store of mental images and spatial info 3)Central executive -Directs attention, recall from LTM, integration of input -Involvement of prefrontal cortex Desribe long-term memory. 1)Storage capacity is unlimited 2)LTM can endure for a lifetime What does pricaty effect mean? Information transferred to long-term memory What does recency effect mean? Information still in short-term memory What are the two parts of encoding? 1)Effortful processing and 2)Automatic processing Describe effortful processing. 1) Intenional and conscious Ex: studying for this course Describe Automatic processing. 1)Unintentional and requires minimal attention. Ex: Recalling what you did yesterday What are the levels of encoding processing? 1)Structural (word in captals. POTATO) 2)Phonological (Rhyming words. HORSE and COURSE 3)Semantic (Table- Does it fit the sentence "The man peeled the __") What is maintenance? -Rote repition of information -Not an optimal method What is elaborative? -Focuses on informations's meaning -Organizing -Understanding -Applying to one's life -Relating to already learned concepts -Using imagery How do we organize information? -We organize informaiton in way that it is meaningful and can enhance memory What is hierarchy? -Memory which is enhanced by associations. -It enhances understanding of how elemnts are related. What is chunking? -It is combining items into larger units of meaning Visual Imagery -Dual coding theory -Memory is enhanced if use both verbal and visual codes -More difficult with some stimuli -Easier with concrete objects than with abstract concepts -E.g: associating image with word jealously What is schemas? -A mental framework -Organized pattern of thought What is associative networks? -Network of associated ideas and concepts What is spreading activiation? It is the activation of one concepts activates other concepts = prming. Define Explicit memory. Conscious or intentional memory retrieval Define impicit memory. -Memory influences behavior but... -No conscious awareness -Priming tasks *Shown list of words - includes STORE What is retrieval cues? A stimuli that leads to activation of information stored in LTM -Multiple cues lead to better retrieval What is a self-generated cues? Have a personal meaning What are flashbulb memories? -A vivid, clear recollections. -Like a 'snapshot' in time -Its often inaccurately recalld What is encoding specificity principle? -Memory enhanced when conditions present during retreival match those present during encoding. -Stimuli associated with event may be encoded as part of event what is Context-dependent memory? Easier to remember something in same environment where encoded What is state-dependent memory? Ability to retrieve better when internal state at retrieval matches that at encoding. What is mood-congruent recall? Tend to recall information or events congruent with current mood. What are the ways of imporving memory? 1)Elaborative rehearsal -Understand it 2)Link to other information -Make it meaningful 3)Organize information -Textbooks organized with chapters and outlines -Build own scaffold of organization 1)Overlearn -Continued rehearsal 2)Distribute learning over time -cramming the night before is NOT good 3)Minimize interference Why do we forget? 1)Lack of attention 2)lack of deep processing E.g. Failure to encode detais that are not important to us Describe interference theory Information forggoten because other items in LTM impair ability to retrieve it What are the two types of amnesia? 1)Retrograde Amnesia 2)Anterograde Amnesia What is Retrograde amnesia? Memory loss for events before amnesia What is anterograde amnesia? Memory loss for events after amnesia What is alzheimer's disease A severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia What is infantile amnesia? Memory loss for early childhoo experiences. Typicall for events before ages of 3 and 4 -Immature brain, encoding failures What is retrospective memory? -It is memory for past events What is prospective memory? -Remembering to perform activity in future What is misinformation? Distortion of memory by misleading post-event information. -Can effect eyewitness testimony -Can occure becasue of source confusion Describe recovered memories Are memories accurate? -If accurate, what caused memory to be forgotten? Controversial -Difficult to demonstrate experimentally -Consciously forgotten? Full/Partial memor loss for traumatic events -Accuate memories can return What is engram? A physical trace stored in brain when memory is formed. -It does not exist What is the human lesion studies? Study memory loss due to brain damage What is the nonhuman anima lesion studies? Deliberate damage to brain regions What is the brain-imaging studies? self-explanatory What is the function of the hippocampus? -It is an encoding station -Converts short-term memories to long-term What is memory consolidation? A binding process in the brain for: -Where something happened -What the scene or peope looked like -Sounds heard -Meaning of events What is the funciton of cerebral cortex? -Encoding information from sensory registers -Stores semantic information