pathophysiology quiz 2.docx questions and answers

pathophysiology 1. Explain the role of normal microbiome as part of the innate protection against pathogenic microorganisms. (p. 300; p. 194) 1. Normal microbiome is the resident microorganisms found in different parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and genital tract. 1. Example is the gut is provided with nutrients and it makes enzymes that help break down food. 2. Colon microorganisms contribute to innate protection by competing with the pathogens for nutrition and block them from attaching to the epithelium 3. Also produce chemicals that inhibit pathogen colonization 2. Humans and microorganisms 1. Symbiosis-benefits human no harm to the microorganism 2. Mutualism-benefits human and microorganism 3. Commensalism-benefits only microorganism, no harm to the human 4. Pathogenicity-benefits the microorganism, harms the human 5. Opportunism- benign microorganism become pathogenic because of decreased human host resistance 2. Outline the acute and chronic inflammatory response and explain the genesis of the cardinal signs of inflammation, including local and systemic manifestations. (pp. 191-215) 1. Acute inflammatory response 1. Fever 1. IL-1 released from neutrophils and macrophages induce fever (endogenous pyrogens). Act on hypothalamus 2. Can be beneficial bc some conditions like syphilis are sensitive to a small increase in body temperature 2. Leukocytosis 1. Circulating leukocytes especially neutrophils increased 2. Inc associated left shift. More immature cells in the system than mature 3. Production of immature leukocytes increase primarily because proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow are stimulated by several products of inflammation including complement product C3a and G-CSF 3. Plasma protein synthesis 1. Products of the liver increase during the primary stages of inflammation 2. Acute phase reactants can either be inflammatory or anti inflammatory 1. Max level within 10 to 40 hours of infection 2. IL-1 Indirectly induces the synthesis 1. Regulated release of IL-6 which stimulates liver cells 4. Other symptoms include drowsiness, malaise, anorexia and muscle aching 2. Chronic inflammatory response 1. Biggest difference between acute and chronic is that chronic lasts for two or more weeks 2. Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages 1. If macrophages are unable to limit the tissue damage or infection the body walls off the infected area by forming a granuloma 1. Granuloma formation begins when some of the macrophages differentiate into large epitheloid cells incapable of phagocytosis which are capable of taking up debris and other small particles 2. Other macrophages fuse into multinucleated giant cells which are active phagocytes that can engulf very large particles 3. Both center of granuloma surrounded by a wall of lymphocytes 3. Genesis of the cardinal signs of inflammation 1. Local manifestations 1. Result from vascular changes and the subsequent leakage of circulating components into the tissue 2. Heat and redness are the result of vasodilation and the increased blood flow through the injured site.