Psychology-Test 5 with Complete Solutions

Define personality. - ANSWER relatively stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguishes one person from another Define self-report inventories. - ANSWER psychological test in which individuals answer questions about themselves, usually by responding yes/no or T/F; best-known and most widely used Give two examples of self-report personality inventories. which one is most widely used?? - ANSWER MMPI and CPI MMPI Who developed the MMPI? When? - ANSWER Hathaway and Mckinley 1943 @ University of Minnesota What does the MMPI diagnose? - ANSWER psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia How many items and clinical dimensions does the MMPI-2 have? adapted to how many languages? - ANSWER 567 items 10 clinical dimensions 22 How are items translated? - ANSWER very carefully...hehe paying special attn to words like frequently, sometimes, usually and slang...then back translation What does the CPI predict? thru how many scales? - ANSWER academic achievement, understand leadership, study individuals in carious occupations, drug users 20 translated into 29 languages What is the Beck Depression INventory? WHy was it made? - ANSWER limitation of MMPI's lengthy inventory measures severity of depression in shorter more focused inventory How are lies detected in the MMPI and MMPI-2? - ANSWER validity scales such as the L scale which the examiner can then proceed to use clinical scales Define projective tests. ex - ANSWER psychological test that involves the use of unstructured or ambiguous stimuli in an effort to assess personality ex: inkblots, make up stories with pictures, draw, complete others sentences What is the Thmeatic Apperception Test (TAT)? - ANSWER measures achievement motivation and make predictions of future achievement related behaviors What happens with the 20 TAT cards? - ANSWER examiner asks participant to make up a story to fit wat is happening in the card and what character is thinking and feeling and to give outcome black and white pics with one blank WHAT IS THE RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST? - ANSWER dropped ink onto paper and folded it in half creating a symmetrical pattern 5 cards black, white and gray 5 cards with various cards How does one administer the R inkblot test? - ANSWER 1-displays card and asks what is seen 2-asks for aspects of each card that influenced the responses 3-reveal personality ex: heavily reliance on color=impulsive behavior depressed=few colors in responses Define Barnum effect. - ANSWER Meehls idea that the tendency to accept generalized personality descriptions as accurate descriptions of oneself Who studied the Peace Corps volunteers succes and suggested study how SITUATIONS influenced behavior? - ANSWER Mischel Why did Bem and Allen think that behaviors were consistent? - ANSWER b/c of preconceived notions are how behaviors are related ex: friendly people honest=conclude that honest even w/o knowing p.438 - ANSWER reread highlighted Patterns are more discernible when behaviors are added together. - ANSWER Similarly to a test w/ numerous questions; altruism What is aggregation? developed by who? - ANSWER collect evidence on several behaviors Epstein What are the five guidelines presented by Giordano to evaluate theories/perspectives? - ANSWER comprehensiveness, parsimony, usefulness, heuristic function, empirical validity Take notes Table 11.3 - ANSWER p.440 Define traits. - ANSWER a summary term that describes the tendency to behave, feel, and think in ways that are consisten across different situations Who attempted to make a list of traits? How many did he find? What did he not include? - ANSWER Gordon Allport 4,500 words not temporary moods, social evaluations, physical attributes What are surface traits? - ANSWER certain info that clustered together; easy to identify from correlations What are source traits? - ANSWER surface traits directed into more traits Who studied e traits? - ANSWER Cattel What is the 16PF5 - ANSWER Cattel's Sixteen Personality Facotrs Questionnaire with 16 traits to describe everyone p.441-442 - ANSWER reread What are the Big Five Traits? - ANSWER 1-openness to experience 2-conscientiousness 3-extraversion 4-agreeableness 5- neuroticism OCEAN Disagreement especially on which trait? - ANSWER openness to experience What does Loehlin believe/find about genetics and personality? - ANSWER 51-58% of differences in personality is heritability related usually b/w 20 and 50% Who developed the Praimary Four? What is the Primary Four? - ANSWER Mayer 1. plesant affect-depression: this area encompasses both motivation and emotion vs. low intelligence-area in cludes knowledge and general intelligence 3-social competency-incompetency--area is devoted to the ability o carry out social tasks4 4-organized ve. diffused awareness-deals with general organized awareness: openness, mindfulness, and self-regulation How does Eysenck say we should organize traits? What are his three main categories? - ANSWER first fin narrowly defined categories and then broader ones extroversion neuroticism-emotional instability anxiety, guilt, shy psychotism-aggressiveness, no empathy, and impulsitivity What do extroverts prefer? - ANSWER working in large groups, shorter attn span didnt differ in use for tech in the classroom What is trepanation? - ANSWER opening of hole in skull and leaving the membranes surrounding the brain intact; increases flow of blood to capillaries in brain=more energy=more function; ileegal in US and Europe What did Hippocrates believe about bodily fluids in humans? - ANSWER four main ones: black bile, blood, phlegm, yellow bile the most abundant fluid would determine personality What is phrenology? - ANSWER 1800 attempt to study a person by analyzing the bumps and indents on one's skull Who was a major contributor to phrenology? - ANSWER Franz Joseph Gall Who developed the idea that body shape determines personality? - ANSWER William Shledon What are the three body types proposed by SHeldon? - ANSWER endomorphs=round; love comfort, outgoing mesomorphs=rectangular; assertive, energetic ectomorphs=thin; restrained and lonely Who developed a self-inventory to measure sensation seeking? - ANSWER Zuckerman What is sensation seeking realed to? - ANSWER extraversion and conscientiousness What can sensation seeking be divided into? - ANSWER disinhibition-seeking sensation thru social events thrill seeking-seek sensations thru physical risk experience seeking-seek novel expereinces thru mind and sense boredom susceptibility-intolerance for repetitive experiences High sensation seeking people seek what flavors more? - ANSWER spicy, sour, and crunchy foods drugs and alcohol usage is more jobs can reflect high: firefighter, police, race car driver,sporty people What enzyme breaks down norepinephrine? - ANSWER MAO What can occur if drugs inhibit the production of MAO? - ANSWER too much norepinephrine and euphoric, impulsive, and aggressive negative correlation b/w MAO and sensation seeking behavior Low levels of MAO and high of nor= - ANSWER high sensation seeking scores What University took an interest in studying twins and their personality differences? - ANSWER Universoty if Minnesota What did UofM find when studying 44 pairs of identical twins that were separated early in life? - ANSWER similar correlations to those reared together Genetics does/does not play a role in personality. - ANSWER DOES -p.452 Table see that identical twin correlations were consistently higher than correlations b/w fraternal twins What does Buss predict about evolution and dating? - ANSWER women pick men who have good resources (food, shelter, protection) women will not date/sexually relate with men who are not hardworking, ambitious, energetic, industrious, persevering, good income, good social status, family background (must have some qualities) What characteristic do men seek? - ANSWER reproductive capability, Was salary important to women win Driggers and Helms study? - ANSWER YES!!! as salaries increased...so did willingness to date What did Freud believe? - ANSWER unconscious factors could determine our personality Describe extraversion. - ANSWER talkative, expressive in gestures and facials, assertive, gregarious, active, humorous, energetic, optimistic, upbeat low scores=solitary, queit, reserved, low energy Describe agreeableness. - ANSWER altruistic, interactions with others, sympathetic, straightforward, warm, considerate low scores=unkind, suspicious, unsympathetic, antagonistic Describe conscientiousness. - ANSWER well organized, dependable, organized, competent, responsible, can delay gratification, exhibit highly ethical behavior, high level of aspiration low scores=disorganized, careless, inefficient, undependable Describe neuroticism. - ANSWER self-defeating, anxious, concerned about personla adequacy, mood fluctuations, negative emotions, less effective at coping with stress, impulsive low scores=unemotional, calm, even-tempered, self-satisfied, comfortable with themselves Describe openness to experience. - ANSWER appreciation of knowledge, art, nontraditional values, highly introspective, attentive to inner feelings, intellectual, creative low scores=down-to-earth, conventional, preferring routines, not intellectually oriented Describe comprehensiveness. - ANSWER the extent to which a theory explains a broad range of personality phenomena. preferred!! Describe parsimony - ANSWER simplicity of theory preferred when theories have equal explanatory power Describe usefulness. - ANSWER degree to which a theory is helpful in the sense of having important practical applications Describe heuristic function. - ANSWER degree to which a theory guides or influences future research Describe empirical validity. - ANSWER degree to which a theory is supported by scientific research What did Freud develop that is extremely well known today? - ANSWER theory of personality that emphasized unconscious factors and therapy for patients exhibiting abnormal behaviors Where was Freud born/grow up? When? - ANSWER Austria-1856 grew up Jewish family in Vienna What era did he live in? What views were important during this era? - ANSWER Victorian repressive view of sexuality anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews (did not pursue career as scientist or get married b/c of $) He became a neurologist with what type of patients? - ANSWER women with hysterical disorders with symptoms such as blindness/paralysis ∴ Freud thought sexual tension caused this *heard about sex w/ older males but believed to be fantasies b/c patients could not differentiate reality and dreams...probs witnessed sexual abuse too What theory did Freud develop in result of his belief that the sexual desires needed to be brought to conscious awareness? - ANSWER psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic therapy What are the three concepts that form the backbone of Freud's theory? - ANSWER psychic determinism, instincts, and levels of consciousness Define psychic determinism - ANSWER the psychodynamic assumption that all behaviors result from early childhood experiences, especially conflicts related to sexual insticts What is a Freudian slip? - ANSWER a psychic determinism *example at a boring party want to say-I'm sorry I have to leave now. actually say-I'm glad I have to leave now. SLIP! What are the two instincts Freud describes? - ANSWER eros-life-giving/pleasure-producing activities (sex) thanatos-agression and destruction Define consciousness. - ANSWER a personal awareness of internal and external events How does Freud describe conscious? - ANSWER level of thoughts. wishes, and emotions you are aware of at the moment What is preconscious? - ANSWER level below consciousness which has contents that are waiting to be pulled into consciousness Define unconscious. - ANSWER part of the personality that lies outside of awareness yet is believed to be crucial determinant of behavior; Freud=most important What is the id? - ANSWER primitive, biological side of our personality *selfish and has no concern for others or for society *unconscious *operates on pleasure principle of seeking immediate gratification What is the ego? - ANSWER (aka-executive of personality) realistic plan for obtaining id operates on the reality principle must tolerate delay and frustration b/c of un-immediate gratification What are the two components of the superego? - ANSWER conscience-moral part of superego (little voice) ego ideal-superego's positive side; things that make us proud; motivates us to strive for perfection Imagine IES like a car... - ANSWER I and S pull opposite ways-both unrealistic and irrational E has to make adjustments and find middle ground LOOK AT figure..and table - ANSWER p.456 p.458 What warns the ego that conflict is occurring? - ANSWER anxiety/guilt HOw does the ego defend itself when the alarm of anxiety/guilt rings? - ANSWER defense mechanisms Define defense mechanism - ANSWER psychodynamic term used to describe primarily unconscious methods of reducing anxiety/guilt that results from conflicts among the id, ego, and superego What are erogenous zones? - ANSWER parts of body to please Who developed psychosexual stages? before or after Erkison's psychosocial? - ANSWER Freud before What are the five stages in psychosexual development? - ANSWER oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital Define oral stage - ANSWER 1st stage in psychosexual development in which the MOUTH is the focus of pleasure-seeking activity What happens if a child's oral stimulation is delayed according to Freud? - ANSWER personality becomes arrested/fixated Define fixation. - ANSWER cessation of further development, resulting in behaviors that are characteristic of the stage of development in which the fixation occurred What can be shown in adulthood if fixation occurs at the oral stage? - ANSWER chewing on pencils, overeating, excessive dependency, optimism, gullibility Define anal stage. - ANSWER second stage of psychosexual development during which the focus of pleasure is the ANUS and conflict often occurs as efforts are made to toilet-train the child When does the anal stage occur? - ANSWER 18 months-3 years of age What occurs in adulthood if a person is fixated at anal-explusive? - ANSWER overly generous What occurs in adulthood if a person is fixated at anal-retentive - ANSWER overly rigid/orderly Define phallic stage. - ANSWER 3rd stage of psychosexual development in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure-seeking behavior When does the phallic stage occur? - ANSWER 4-5years old Define oedipal complex. - ANSWER proces that occurs during the phallic stage in which a boy wishes to posses his mother sexually and fears retaliation by his father Define electra complex. - ANSWER process that occurs during the phallic stage in which a girl wishes to posses her father sexually What is castration anxiety? - ANSWER fear of father's retaliation leading to injury of genitals leads to boy identifying with father in behavior, values, attitudes, and sexual orientatio What is successful completion of the Oedipal complex according to Freud? - ANSWER acquisition of the male sex role Girls experience penis envy which is... - ANSWER realization they do not have a penis; anger towards mother and sexual attraction towards father; fantasy that seducing him will give her a penis When does resolution of the Electra complex occur according to Freud? - ANSWER represses sexual desires and identifies with her mother What complex ends up weaker?? - ANSWER woman's superego Define latency stage. - ANSWER fourth stage of psychosexual development that extends from age 6 until onset of puberty and is characterized by LOW LEVELS of sexual interest Define genital stage. - ANSWER last stage of psychosexual development that begins at puberty and usually leads to normal adult sexual development p.460=study chart - ANSWER of psychosexual development stages What are neo-Freudians? - ANSWER those who do not accept Freud's emphasis on id and sexual motives but emphasize ego and role of development of personality Who is one of the best known neo-Freudians? - ANSWER Car Juang What is collective unconsciousness? - ANSWER images shared by all people images aka archetypes How are archetypes passed down? - ANSWER genetics What are four archetypes Jung proposed? - ANSWER persona-mask of true personality anima-exhibition of F and Male characteristics shadow-the animal instinct/dark side of our personal. self-part of personality that provides unity and stability and attempts to integrate the different aspects of our personality Who viewed personality disturbances as stemming from basic anxiety we all share? - ANSWER Karen Horney What are the three basic adjusting patterns used to reduce anxiety according to Horney? - ANSWER moving toward people -for affection/approval moving against people-uses power/control to exploit others moving away from people-withdraw from the situation When does a peron's behavior become abnormal in regards to adjusting patterns for anxiety? - ANSWER when only one pattern is used in all situations What did Adler arge that a person's primary drive is? - ANSWER social not sexual What does an individual strive to overcome? - ANSWER feelings of inferiority started as a child b/c of inevitable weakness; spend much of our lives striving to compensate for perceived shortcomings Who was embarrassed by stuttering? - ANSWER Demosthenes WHo was considered to be the first self theorist? WHY? - ANSWER Adler b/c placed emphasis on SELF creative power of the self-shape own destiny (free will) Who was the first theorist to stress importance of birth order in a determinant of personality? - ANSWER Adler Why is it hard to study parenting practices on fixations? - ANSWER Freud did not specify conditions that might lead to fixations; (tests have mixed results) Freud treated many female cases but developed generalizations mainly to male individuals. also study small group of disturbed individuals whose results may not be applicable to all. - ANSWER -- How did Freud listen to his patients? - ANSWER sat behind the couch and only wrote things down at end of session Who developed the first to outline a stage of development theory ? - ANSWER FREUD What do behaviorists such as skinner look at in personality? - ANSWER observable behavior What do behaviorists believe about free will? - ANSWER does not exist What is behavior modification a form of? - ANSWER Skinner's classical conditioning w/ stimulus and response Who can B-mod treat? - ANSWER autistic children, emotional/behavioral disturbed children, phobias, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, depression, etc The behaviorist approach is strong in... - ANSWER parsimony What is the social learning theory? Who? - ANSWER theory that learning occurs through watching and imitating the behaviors of others Rotter According to Rotter what are most of the reinforcers we strive to obtain? - ANSWER social=hugs, praise, attention What is expectancy? important in whose theory? - ANSWER notion of likelihood of success or failure social learning theory of Rotter What are internals? - ANSWER people who believe that they can influence their reinforcers via their skill and ability What are externalS? - ANSWER people who believe that whether they attain a desired outcome is primarily die to chance or fate Define locus of control. - ANSWER whether a person sees his/her behavior as controlled by external factors/locus or internal factors/locus How is a locus of control measured? - ANSWER Rotter's I-E Scale What accounts for differences in I-E ratings? - ANSWER an individual's learning history, cultural factors Western=more internal What is individualisti conception of self? - ANSWER ??? p.465 How do difference in the evaluation of self develop? ex - ANSWER differences in socialization ex.. Asian-modesty, self-restrain American-loudest problems get most attn Japan-nail stands out gets pounded down What is Albert Bandura known for? - ANSWER research on observational learning model of aggressive behavior and overcoming phobias Define reciprocal determinism. Who? - ANSWER contention that person variables, situation variable, and behavior constantly interact Bandura Environment not only cause of behavior but also the effect of behavior. Give ex. - ANSWER studying instead of spending time with friends reduces social pressures or invitations to go out Define self-efficacy. - ANSWER part of Bandura's theory that states a person's beliefs about his skills and ability to perform effective behaviors; cannot be generalized b/c differ from one behavior to another ∴ not considered a trait What four sources of info can influence self-efficacy? - ANSWER 1-past performance 2-watching others in similar situations and noting the consequences they experience 3-verbal persuasion (depends on persuader's trust and expertise) 4-phsyiological arousal Define humanistic psychology. - ANSWER general approach to psychology associated with Maslow and ROgers that emphasizes individuals' control of their behavior; focus on present and healthy personality; view individual's perception of events as more significant than other theories What is another term for humanistic psychology? - ANSWER phenomenological psychologists Remember the pyramid... - ANSWER physiological needs safety love/belongingness self-esteem self-actualization Define self-actualization. - ANSWER need to develop to one's fullest potential What does Maslow believe about self-actualization? - ANSWER everyone has need; often thwarted by environment What are some characteristics of self-actualized individuals? - ANSWER accept own natures, spontaneous/natural, democratic in nature, privacy, focus on problems outside of self, strong ethical/moral sense, close/limited number of friendships, independent of cultural and social environment, philosophical humor Who is included on Maslow's list of self-actualized individuals? - ANSWER Abe Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Einstein, Mother Teresa Critique of Maslow.... - ANSWER list of self-actualized individuals is not representative of general population Who shared Maslow's belief that people are innately good and directed toward growth, development, and personal fulfillment? - ANSWER Carl Rogers Rogers believe we have own self concept. - ANSWER positive self-concept=act positively vice versa too Define conditional affection.Rogers - ANSWER when one engages in behaviors that are approved by others Describe unconditional positive regard. Rogers - ANSWER person is accepted for wat he/she is not for what others would like person to be Study Chart p.469 - ANSWER ! IN the olden days what was odd behavior, bad weather caused by? - ANSWER demons/evil spirits What is trephining? - ANSWER chipping a hole in the skyll to let the demon out Who originally proposed that physical and psychological disorders have natural causes? - ANSWER Hippocrates WHat were the four humors in the body that caused certain characteristics? - ANSWER black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile What did elevated levels of black blood cause according to Hippocrates? - ANSWER melancholia=severe depression What happened to women with marks on them? - ANSWER considered witches with Satan often tortured and killed What were old institutions known for? - ANSWER unsanitary conditions, disorganization, inhumane treatment of patients What is bedlam? - ANSWER describes such stated conditions In paris 18th century...how were patients treated - ANSWER chained to walls, keepers rarley were compassion, administered punishment Who demanded patients' need for humane care and treatment? - ANSWER Phillppe Pinel Where did Pinel's ideas stem from? Why counter ideas? - ANSWER Pssuin-former patient at place where Pinel worked keep society safe from insane What is moral management/moral therapy? - ANSWER treatment philosophy created by Pinnel that reflects the belief that providing a humane and relaxed environment cound produce positive changes in a person's behavior What was the first general hospital in the US with a separate unit for the mentally ill? Who introduced moral therapy here? - ANSWER RUsh Philapdelphia's Penn Hospital What is the tranquilizer chair that RUsh used? - ANSWER patients with mania Who convinced 20 states to establish/provide care for mentally ill? - ANSWER Dix