FSOT questions and answers latest update

FSOT questions and answers latest updateVirginia Plan Compromise written to favor larger states where representation would be based on population New Jersey Plan favored a large centralized government where each state would receive equal representation (one vote). Great Compromise (Sherman Compromise AKA Connecticut Compromise) agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention regarding representation. Later led to Article 5 of the Constitution Three-fifths Compromise slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for state population purposes. Consensus was reached during Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise). Articles of Confederation First Constitution of the U.S., limited Central government's power requiring 13 state's approval to make decisions/changes. Replaced by the Constitution John Locke father of liberalism; political theorist and philosopher; anti-slavery; wrote many books-guides on issues Article 1 of the Constitution Legislative powers outline; Section 1: House membership; Section 2: selection of members; Section 3: selection of senate ; Section 7: all tax bills must originate in the House; Section 8: Congress' powers to collect taxes, to declare war, to maintain a navy, to make all laws necessary. Section 10: states rights and limited rights Article 2 of the Constitution Executive branch Article 3 of Constitution Judicial branch Article 4 State's rights, no new states within states Article 5 Congress 2/3 votes needed for amendments Article 6 All debts prior to Constitution are valid; Constitution is the Supreme Law; Senators and Reps. must take oath Article 7 9 states' approval needed to enact Constitution. Established year 1787 Bill of Rights First 10 amendments 1 amendment freedom of speech 2nd amendment Right to bear arms 3rd amendment In time of peace, no soldier should be quartered in private property w/o prior consent 4th amendment Right to defend against unreasonable searches and seizures of property w/o warrants. 5th amendment Right to due process. No person shall be forced to incriminate themselves or serve as their own witness (unless Martial court-military). Protects against double jeopardy. 6th amendment Right to a fair and speedy trial. Assistance of counsel for his/her defense is provided. 7th amendment Civil suits can be brought to trial if amt. exceeds $20. No jury can overrule a trial that is based on facts. 8th amendment Prohibits excessive bail, fines or unusual punishment 9th amendment Any rights not explicitly stated in the Constitution are not necessarily denied. Designed from protecting the U.S. government from becoming too powerful. 10th amendment Powers not delegated to the Constitution are reserved for the states 11th amendment Suits against states 12th amendment Election of president 13th amendment Slavery and involuntary servitude illegal 14th amendment Rights of citizenship (life, liberty or property) 15th amendment Right to vote regardless of color 16th amendment Congress has the right to collect income taxes 17th amendment Senators regulations (2 from each state, elections) 18th amendment Prohibition amendment 19th amendment women's suffrage and the right to vote 20th amendment Term limits on president, V.P, congress 21st amendment Repealed 18th amendment on prohibition 22nd amendment Presidential limits on terms 23rd amendment D.C. electors appointed based on population (as if it were state) 24th amendment Banned poll taxes 25th amendment Presidential vacancy; V.P 26th amendment Voting age lowered to 18 27th amendment Limitation on congressional pay Virginia Ratifying Plan Many delegates met in VA to ratify or reject the Constitution which had been drafted at the Philadelphia Convention a year prior Philadelphia Convention AKA Constitutional Convention AKA Federal Convention revision of the Articles of Confederation. Ended up creating the Constitution Shay's rebellion Uprising in 1787 that resulted from perceived civil rights and economic injustices. Led to the replacement of the Articles of Confederation and the creation of the Constitution Senate's checks and balance over Executive Power Senate has the ability to reject cabinet level nominees. The Senate has the sole power to confirm those of the President's appointments that require consent, and to ratify treaties. There are, however, two exceptions to this rule: the House must also approve appointments to the Vice Presidency and any treaty that involves foreign trade. The Senate also tries impeachment cases for federal officials referred to it by the House. The Senate maintains several powers to itself: It ratifies treaties by a two-thirds supermajority vote and confirms the appointments of the President by a majority vote. The consent of the House of Representatives is also necessary for the ratification of trade agreements and the confirmation of the Vice President Federalist system U.S. government: a central government that has certain powers, with the state as the basic unit of political power. Each branch of the federal government has oversight in regards to actions of the other two branches. Marbury v. Madison Established judicial review in the U.S. under Article three of the Constitution. Reaffirmed the Supreme Court as a power house. Land Ordinance of 1875 led to public, state-funded education Horace Mann Father of the common school movement; educational reformer and Whig politician. Appointed secretary of the first BOE in Massachusetts Mapp v. Ohio 1961. Evidence obtained illegally is in violation of the 4th amendment and cannot be used in a court of law. (Woman tried for illegally obtained evidence) Morill-land Grant Acts each state eligible received land to use toward establishing and funding educational institutions Scott v. Sanford 1857-Dred Scott. African Americans were not American citizens and could not sue in a court of law. Article III-the court could only hear cases brought forth by a citizen. McCullough v. Maryland granted to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution. Second, state action must not impede constitutional powers Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 40 hour work week, 40 cent minimum wage Pentagon Papers Case U.S. DOD study of the Vietnam war that was released to media by Daniel Ellsburg. It discussed unknown events in the war and released it to the NYT. Entirety was declassified and released in 2011. No prior restraint An official restriction of speech relating to publication Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act Restructured DOD/military on largest scale and gave more authority to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Streamlined the chain of command. (1986 Reagan) Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff highest ranking and senior-most military officer XYZ Affair-Quasi War between France and U.S under president John Adams. Diplomatic ties weakened when France asked for bribes 1998 Foreign Affairs Restructuring Act To consolidate international affairs agencies, to authorize appropriations for the Department of State and related agencies for fiscal years 1998 and 1999, and for other purposes. Dissolved the U.S Information Agency. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross Florence Nightengale founder of modern nursing, English nurse The Great Society Lyndon B. Johnson's plan to eliminate poverty and racial injustice Medicare established 1965 by President Johnson. Whitewater scandal President Bill Clinton's real estate scandal Irving Berlin Great American Songwriter, God Bless America Multilateral diplomacy multiple countries align to meet certain goals; International organizations, such as the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization are multilateral in nature. Middle countries such as Canada, Australia and Nordic countries. Bilateral diplomacy is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism, which is activity by a single state or jointly by multiple states, respectively. When states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to develop diplomatic relations, they exchange diplomatic agents such as ambassadors to facilitate dialogues and cooperations. Examples include free trade agreements, Australia and Canada, India and Nepal, the U.S and China or U.S. and South Korea. Big Stick Diplomacy President Theodore's foreign policy. The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. It is comparable to gunboat diplomacy, as used in international politics by imperial powers. Used in the Panama Canal negotiations and with Cuba. Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. Trinity test was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 am on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range Nuremberg Trials trial against Nazi regimes after WWII. Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946. Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide in the spring of 1945, well before the indictment was signed.The typification of the crimes and the constitution of the court represented a juridical advance that would be used afterwards by the United Nations Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention OPEC Cartel-like economy. Iron Curtain ... 1973 Oil Crisis ... Suez Canal ... Iran President and Supreme Leader. President: Hassan Rouhani. Supreme Leader: Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei. the head of state and highest ranking political and religious authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The armed forces, judicial system, state television, and other key governmental organizations are under the control of the Supreme Leader of Iran. Unlike the executive in other countries, the President of Iran does not have full control over anything, as these are ultimately under the control of the Supreme Leader Iraq ... Russia withdraws from WWI ... Battle of Lexington "Shot heard round the world" Persian Gulf War Allies ... IAEA ... War of the Roses 15th Century war over the throne of England by the House of Lancaster and House of Plantagenet (White Rose). Lancaster won (Red Rose) Group 8 Nations group of eight highly industrialized nations—France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia ( last to join in 1998)—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism. The EU is a "nonenumerated" ninth member; represented by the presidents of the European Council and European Commission, the EU participates as an equal. G6 intended to provide major industrial powers of the noncommunist world a venue in which to address economic concerns, which at the time included inflation and the recession sparked by the oil crisis of the 1970s. Cold War politics invariably entered the group's agenda. Replaced by the G8 In federal govrenment budgeting, "mandatory" spending differs from "discretionary" spending in which way? Mandatory spending is not subject to the annual appropriations process Maya Lin ... Federal Reserve Act 1913 Bill signed by Wilson that created the Federal Reserve Bank system and began the federal government's foray into monetary policy. Created 12 cross-continental federal reserve banks with one in D.C. and allowed the federal printing of money Discount Rate - The rate at which the Federal Reserve loans money to US banks Gibbons v. Ogden- 1824, Marshall Court Established Supreme Courts oversight of interstate commerce as outlined in the commerce clause, intermingling trade with navigation What were the Stonewall Riots?- series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)- School institutes drug testing program for athletes Scopes Monkey Trial The Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. Wrote the 95 theses Martin Luther Stamford Raffles founder of Singapore Paraguayan War also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was an international military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Ahmad Shah Abdali the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Normative statement - econ expresses a value judgment about whether a situation is subjectively desirable or undesirable. It looks at the world as it "should" be. PPF Production Possibility Frontier chart. Cordilla de los frailes location The Cordillera de los Frailes is a mountainous region in the central parts of the Bolivian Andes How many countries border China? 14: India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Nepal Largest population in Africa Nigeria is #1 with 183 million, Ethiopia #2 with 98 million and Egypt #3 with 84 million Aconcagua highest mountain outside of Asia, at 6,960.8 metres (22,837 ft), and by extension the highest point in both the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Missouri Compromise an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. Anti-Masonic Party First to use National Conventions to nominate a president. Atilla The Hun ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. Having been the most feared enemy of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire, we was affectionately called the Scourge of God due to his attacks and plundering of prized cities like Balkans and Constantinopl Goth invasion led to the end of which empire? In A.D. 410 the Goths sacked Rome. Velvet Revolution The Velvet Revolution refers to Czechoslovakia's relatively peaceful transition from communism Formerly Ceylon Sri Lanka The Executive Office of the President created under President Franklin Roosevelt by the Executive Reorganization Act of 1939. It was established to provide assistance to the president outside of Cabinet departments. Typically advisory and not agencies Background information interview do not name the source What is the marketing concept? The idea that an organization should try to satisfy customers' needs through coordinated activities that also allow it to achieve its own goal Wagner Act gave American workers the right to belong to labor unions and engage in collective bargaining The Walsh-Healy Act (1936) forbade the use of child and convict labor, mandated a minimum wage for workers at companies holding government contracts, as well as an eight-hour day and forty-hour work-week The Fair Standards Act (1938) mandated minimum wage, defined a forty-hour week, and forbade the use of child labor by any business engaged in interstate commerce Taft-Hartley Act United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions. Made closed shops and strikes by government employees illegal. Fundamental attribution error. if you see an employee staring out the window rather than working, and you judge that employee as "lazy," you may be making the Amicus Curiae Friend of the court briefs Treaties must be approved by Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution specifies that two-thirds of the Senators present must agree to a treaty. This power, along with the power of the Senate to approve the appointment of ambassadors, military officers, and other appointments, gives the Senate the reputation of being the house of Congress that's most concerned with foreign affairs. The Necessary and Proper Clause in the Constitution did what? Also known as the elastic clause. It expanded federal power by liberally interpreting the powers in Article I. The power to regulate interstate commerce was a major power that was used to expand federal powers From 1895 until the end of the Second World War, Korea was dominated by Japan Pampas The grassland zone of Argentina is V.P tried for treason and later aquitted Aaron Burr (Jefferson) Kingdom of Siam Thailand Progressive Era Social. period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. Ways and Means Committee responsible for taxes, tariffs and revenue. Subcommittee of the Senate. Blind Interview Source is not named Hanibal A Carthaginian military commander who fought against the Roman Republic in the Second Punic War, widely considered one of the greatest tacticians in history Atila the Hun The leader of the Hunnic empire, stretching from Germany to to the Ural River, a fierce enemy of the Roman Empire Alexander the Great A king of Macedon who would lead his army to victory from the Mediterranean to the Hindu Kush, creating one of the largest empires in history Rhine River Begins in Netherlands ends in Switzerland. In World War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies.