Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022/2023

Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022/2023 Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources Parasympathetic nervous system which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased how are primary brain injuries classified focal or diffuse (aka multifocal) focal brain injuries specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise location Epidural and subdural hemorrhages diffuse brain injuries include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria) autonomic hyperreflexia affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min) location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord Alzheimer's disease leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease age, family history what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease low calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of apoE2 what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21 When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given postmortem examination what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke hypertension (87% of occurrences) what are common risk factors for stroke arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu) Guillain-Barre syndrome Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms typical first manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending pattern when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases Myasthenia Gravis a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for muscle contraction myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations -exertional fatigue and weakness that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity -a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections -diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies -facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associated with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling -episodes of choking and aspiration Graves disease Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism acute pain an event; cause often known; lasts less than 6 months; sudden onset; clinical signs include increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr, diaphoresis, and dilated pupils; prognosis is usually complete relief low back pain most common chronic pain condition chronic pain constant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or slow onset; duration is prolonged and persistent; complete relief rarely occurs myofascial pain syndromes second most common chronic pain condition resulting from muscle spasms, tenderness and stiffness; ex: myalgia, muscle strain