PATHO NURS611 Exam 2 - Maryville University COMPLETED 2022/2023

PATHO NURS611 Exam 2 - Maryville University COMPLETED 2022/2023Parasympathetic Nervous System Conserves energy and the body's resources Sympathetic Nervous System Responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself (fight or flight). Releases catecholamines (epinephrine), mobilizes energy stores, for instance, glucose to muscles, decreases the release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs. 01:04 01:22 The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing which of the following: (select all that apply) A. Decreasing mucous production B. Increasing blood sugar levels C. Increasing body temperature D. Decreasing sweat excretion E. Increasing blood pressure B, C, E *in general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP. Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction? Level of consciousness *LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person's condition. Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain? Prefrontal lobe *The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition on the limbic areas of the CNS Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects of speech? Broca area in the frontal lobe *Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the brain? Basal ganglia Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral pattens are main functions of which area of the brain? Hypothalamus *hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: maintenance of a constant internal environment, and implementation of behavioral patterns What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states? Limbic system and prefrontal cortex Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain? Medulla oblongata *the medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the brainstem Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture? Cerebellum The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output? 20% or 800-1000mL of blood flow per minute 00:02 01:22 What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? (select all that apply) A. Uneven expression of mood B. Unstable blood glucose levels C. Poor regulation of body temperature D. Visual disturbances such as blurred vision E. N/V and symptoms of GERD A, B, C *The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon. Hypothalamic function controls autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temperature, endocrine function (glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression. What is the first defense of our bodies? Skin and mucous membranes What is the purpose of the inflammatory process? To prevent infection of the injured tissue. *If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection? Edema, warmth, redness, and pain Which type of White blood cell is the first to arrive at the site of infection? Leukocytes Focal Brain Injury Specific brain lesions that occur in a precise location. (stroke, epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage) Diffuse Brain Injury Affects the entire brain (hypoxia, meningitis, and encephalitis) What is commonly seen after a TBI? Swelling. *Swelling can lead to dangerous increases in intracranial pressure which can cause collateral dysfunction (diabetes insipidus - ADH is not secreted = polyuria_ What do we watch for in diabetes insipidus? Increased intracranial pressure Why does increased intracranial pressure cause diabetes insipidus? Pressure is applied to the pituitary gland and prevents ADH from being released, thus causing polyuria. **Closely monitor urine output in these patients, output will get very high! What term is used to describe the complication that can result from a spinal cord injury at or above the T5-T6 level that is producing paroxysmal hypertension, as well as piloerection (goosebumps) and sweating above the spinal cord lesion? Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)