Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED 2022/2023

Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED 2022/2023Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources Parasympathetic nervous system which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased how are primary brain injuries classified focal or diffuse (aka multifocal) focal brain injuries specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise location Epidural and subdural hemorrhages diffuse brain injuries include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and damage to blood vessels The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria) autonomic hyperreflexia characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min) location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord Alzheimer's disease leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease age, family history what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease low calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the presence of apoE2 what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21 When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given postmortem examination what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke hypertension what are common risk factors for stroke arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level, hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such as respiratory or GI illness Guillain-Barre syndrome Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms typical first manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending pattern when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases Myasthenia Gravis a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for muscle contraction Graves disease Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism conductive hearing loss sound is not properly conducted from the outer to inner ear. there is an interference in air conduction that can be caused by foreign body obstructions, tumors, or infection. can be treated and hearing will generally improve symptoms of conductive hearing loss diminished hearing, speaking in a SOFT voice, individual can hear better in a noisy environment (paracusia willisiana), sensorineural hearing loss caused by impairment of the organ of Corti or its central connections. Can possibly be congenital presbycusis age-related hearing loss usually in high frequencies. progression is slow and onset of symptoms is gradual purpose of the inflammatory process the inflammatory process is the body's second line of defense when epithelial barrier is damaged. It's purpose is to limit the extent of damage, protect against infection, and initiate repair of the damaged tissue what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation edema, pain, warmth, and redness edema: arterioles near the site of infection or injury constrict briefly. Vasodilation then causes slower blood velocity and increases local blood flow to the injured site. plasma leaks from vessels to tissues causing swelling and blood becomes more viscous warmth/redness: the increased blood flow and increasing concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation. leukocytes adhere to vessel walls pain: biochemical mediators, such as histamine, stimulate the endothelial cells that line capillaries and venules to retract, creating spaces at junction between cells chemotactic factor a biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation describe chemotactic activity this activity occurs distal to the inflammation in order to attract leukocytes from circulation. this activity is required for a much longer period than that of anaphylatoxic activity phagocytosis the destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris; the process by which a cell ingests and disposes of damaged cells and foreign material describe the action of phagocytes in inflammation 1. opsonization (recognition of the target and adherence of the phagocyte to it 2. engulfment (ingestion or endocytosis) and formation of phagosome 3. fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte (phagolysosome) 4. destruction of the target what systemic changes are associated with acute inflammation fever, leukocytosis ( transient increase in the number of circulating leukocytes), and plasma proteins how can fever be beneficial the generation of a febrile response can be beneficial because the microorganisms that cause some conditions are highly sensitive to small increases in body temp resolution of tissue is damage is minor, no complications occur, and destroyed tissues are capable of regeneration, it is possible to return injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure and physiologic function what happens if resolution is not possible repair takes place instead. This is when extensive damage is present, injury occurs in tissues not capable of regeneration, infection results in abscess or granuloma formation, or fibrin persists in the lesion; scar tissue forms what population is at risk for impaired inflammation and wound healing older adults; impaired healing may not be directly associated with again but can be linked to a chronic illness such as heart disease or DM. In addition, anti-inflammatory steroid medications can interfere with the healing process what are the classes of immunoglobulins G-A-M-E IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE