NR 228 Exam 2 Review

NR 228 Exam 2 Review ***Review all Textbook Chapters, worksheets and notes ***Concepts and topics to review not all inclusive 1. All Vitamins 2. Omega 3 fatty acids 3. B-complex vitamins a. FUNCTION: metabolism, energy, NERVE FUNCTIONING b. FOODS: meats, milk, enriched grains, whole grains, legumes, green leafy vegetables c. Vitamin B12 i. Water soluble d. Riboflavin (B2) i. Water soluble ii. DEFICIENCY: cracking at corners of mouth and smooth swollen tongue e. Thiamine (B1) i. Water soluble ii. DEFICIENCY: Beriberi, common in those with alcohol us disorder f. Niacin (B3) i. Water soluble g. Folate/ Folic acid i. Water soluble ii. DEFICIENCY: can result in neural tube defects in utero h. Vitamin B6 i. Water soluble 4. Vitamin C a. Water soluble b. Function in body: tissue building, metabolism, IRON ABSORPTION c. FOUND IN: citrus fruits/juices, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, peppers d. Deficiency = SCURVY (bleeding, joint pain, swollen gums) e. SMOKERS NEED MORE VITAMIN C 5. Vitamin A a. FAT soluble b. FUNCTION: VISION HEALTH, skeletal and soft tissue development/strength c. FOODS: orange/yellow fruits and veggies, fatty fish, eggs, liver, dairy products d. DEFICIENCY: vision issues 6. Vitamin E a. FAT soluble b. FUNCTION: antioxidant (protects cells from damage) c. FOODS: fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts), dark green vegetables, whole grains 7. Vitamin D a. FAT soluble b. FUNCTION: helps with ABSORPTION OF CALACIUM and phosphorus, bone mineralization c. FOOD/SOURCES: sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish, and eggs d. DEFICIENCY: rickets, bone loss 8. Calcium a. 9-10.5 b. FUNCTION: bone/teeth formation nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure c. FOODS: dairy products, dark green vegetables, fortified foods d. HYPOCALCEMIA: POSITIVE CHVOSTEK’S AND TROUSSEAU’S SIGNS, MUSCLE SPASMS, TINGLINING IN LIPS AND FINGERS 9. All minerals 10. Secondary vitamin deficiency 11. Potassium a. 3.5-5.0 b. FUNCTION: maintains intracellular fluid balance, nerve function, REGULATES MUSCLE AND HEART CONTRACTIONS c. FOODS: bananas, potatoes, oranges, cantaloupe, avocados, dark green vegetables d. HYPR AND HYPOKALEMIA = DYSRHYTHMIAS 12. Interstitial fluid 13. Magnesium a. 1.3-2.1 b. FUNCTION: nerve and muscle function, bone formation c. FOODS: nuts, dark green vegetables, whole grains, meat, and milk 14. Basal metabolic rate a. BMR: energy required for INVOLUNTARY activities in the body within a 24-hour period (ex: heart function, respirations, temperature regulation) b. INCREASE IN BMR OCCURS WITH: male gender, increased muscle mass, stress, periods of growth, pregnancy/lactation, exposure to cold, disease/illness c. DECREASE IN BMR OCCURS WITH: female gender, short stature, less muscle mass (i.e. more fat) starvation, older age (60), hypothyroidism 15. Food insecurity 16. Creatine 17. Nutrition during Pregnancy a. Pregnancy: Additional 340 cal/day during second trimester, additional 450 cal/day during third trimester b. NO ALCOHOL c. LIMIT CAFFEINE TO 300 MG/DAY d. 600MCG/DAY FOLIC ACID RECOMMENDED e. IRON SUPPLEMENT RECOMMENDED f. FISH AND SHELLFISH SHOULD BE AVOIDED DUE TO MERCURY g. WEIGHT GAIN: first trimester 1-4 pounds total, second and third trimester 2-4 pounds per month i. Normal weight patients gain: 25-35 pounds ii. Underweight patients gain: 28-40 pounds iii. Overweight patients gain: 15-25 18. Infant/Child/Adolescent Nutrition a. BIRTH WEIGHT DOUBLES BY 6 MONTHS b. BREAST MILK 9OR FORMULA) ONLY FOR FIRST 4-6 MONTHS c. START INTRODUCING SOLID FOOD AT ABOUT 4 MONTHS i. IRON FORTIFIED CEREAL SHOULD BE FIRST INTRODUCED ii. NEW FOODS ONE AT A TIME OVER 5-7 DAYS d. COWS MILK SHOULD ONLY E GIVEN AFTER 1 YEAR e. CHILDREN HGAIN ABOUT 5 POUNDS PER YEAR f. CHOKING HAZARDS: i. GRAPES ii. RAW CARROTS iii. HOT DOGS iv. CELERY v. PEANUT BUTTER 19. Adult Nutrition 20. Elderly Nutrition a. OLDER ADULTS HAVE LOWER BMR b. OLDER ADULTS HAVE DECREASED ABSORPTION OF B12, FOLIC ACID, AND CALCIUM c. DEHYDRATION COMMON d. MINCE/CHOP FOOD FOR DIFFICULTY CHEWING e. THICKEN LIQUIDS FOR DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING 21. Diabetes Pt nutritional needs 22. Cardiac Pt nutritional needs 23. Obese Pt 24. BMI a. Weight in lbs * 703/ height in inches ^2