Human Nutrition Final Exam Questions and Answers (100% correct)

What is a nutrient? - ANSWER Chemical substances in food that contribute to health, many of which are essential parts of a diet. Nutrients nourish us by providing calories to fulfill energy needs, materials for building body parts, and factors to regular necessary chemical processes in the body. What are essential nutrients ? - ANSWER a substance that cannot be made by the body and therefore must be consumed to maintain health Which macronutrient provides the most energy? - ANSWER Fats (Lipids) What are the three macronutrients? - ANSWER Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids How many kcalories do carbohydrates supply per gram? - ANSWER 4 kcalories How many kcalories do fats (lipids) supply per gram? - ANSWER 9 kcalories How many kcalories do proteins supply per gram? - ANSWER 4 kcalories Where does most digestion take place? - ANSWER the small intestine What is overnutrition? - ANSWER A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs What is undernutrition? - ANSWER Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs What is malnutrition? - ANSWER Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs (can refer to both over and under nutrition) What is anthropometric assessment? - ANSWER Measurement of body weight and the lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of part of the body What is biochemical assessment? - ANSWER Measurement of biochemical functions (e.g. concentrations of nutrient by-products or enzyme activites in the blood or urine) related to a nutrient's functions What is clinical assesment? - ANSWER Examination of general appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; and ability to cough or walk What is dietarty assessment? - ANSWER Estimation of typical food choices relying mostly on the recounting of one's usual intake or a record of one's previous days' intake What is enviromental assessment? - ANSWER Includes details about living conditions, education level, and the ability of the person to purchase, transport, and cook food. The person's weekly budget for food purchases is also a key factor to consider. What are some determinants of health? - ANSWER family health history, medical history, a list of medications taken, a social history (marital status, living conditions, etc), level of education, & economic status What is a macronutrient? - ANSWER A nutrient needed in gram (large) quantities in a diet (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) What is a micronutrient? - ANSWER A nutrient needed in milligram or microgram (small) quantities in a diet (vitamins and minerals) What is dietary fiber? - ANSWER Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine that adds bulk to feces (found naturally in foods) What are simple sugars (carbohydrates)? - ANSWER monosaccharide or disaccharide in the diet, frequency referred to as sugars what is a phytochemical? - ANSWER A chemical found in plants. Some phytochemicals may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly what are some fods that are rich in phyochemicals? - ANSWER "whole foods", mainly fruits and vegetables Which circulatory system carries fat and fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER The Lymphatic system What is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (digestive tract) ? - ANSWER The main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It consists of (in order) the mouth, esphogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus Define nutrient density. - ANSWER determined by comparing its protein, vitamin, or mineral content with the amount of calories it provides. A food is considered to be nutrient dense if it provides a large amount of a nutrient for a relatively small amount of calories (ex. low fat- milk) What is the definition of hunger? - ANSWER The primarily physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulate by innate cues to eating What is the definition of appetite? - ANSWER The primarily psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger (like smelling or seeing food) Define energy dense. - ANSWER a measurement that best describes the calorie content of food. A food rich in calories but that weighs relatively little is considered energy dense (ex. potato chips) Define peristalsis. - ANSWER A coordinated muscular contraction used to propel food down the gastrointestinal tract Define bolus. - ANSWER a moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx Define chyme. - ANSWER A mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food. What is the function/role of bile? - ANSWER it enables large portions of fat to break into smaller bits so that they can be suspended in water. Where is bile produced/stored? - ANSWER it is stored in the gallbladder and is produced by the liver Can vitamins or minerals be destroyed? - ANSWER yes What is the main function of vitamins? - ANSWER to enable many chemical reactions to occur in the body. some of these reactions help release the energy trapped in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. (does not provide usable calories in diet) What does the DSHEA of 1994 classify and why? - ANSWER It classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as "foods" which restrains the U.S. FDA from regulating them as tightly as drugs and food additives. what effect does the DSHEA of 1994 have on safety and efficacy of those substances? How does it differ with food additives and drugs? - ANSWER The FDA must prove that the substances are unsafe before preventing it sale. However, food additives and drugs have to be demostrated to the FDA's satisfaction before they are marketed. What are functions of villi? - ANSWER villi, which are fingerlike projections, help trap food to enhance absorption (increases surfacce area for better absorption) What is portal circulation? - ANSWER The portion of the circulatory system that uses a large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the liver (this is where most of the nutrients from recently eaten foods are tranferred into) What is the enterohepatic circulation? - ANSWER A continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver; bile acids are one example of a recycled compound What is bioavailability? - ANSWER Degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed What is an antioxidant? - ANSWER Compound that stops the damaging effects of reactive substances seeking an electron What is vitamin E? - ANSWER Resides mostly in cell membranes as a fat-soluble antioxidants. Which essential nutrient plays a clearly understood role in vision? - ANSWER Vitamin A What is scurvy? - ANSWER Primarily a vitamin C deficiency disease Which essential nutrient is often deficient in alcoholics; deficiency leads to beriberi. - ANSWER Thiamin What is megaloblastic anemia? - ANSWER The condition that results from deficiency in Vitamin B12 and/or folate Deficiency of what essential nutrient causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults? - ANSWER Vitamin D What is the only dietary deficiency disease (of niacin) ever to reach epidemic proportions in the United States? - ANSWER Pellagra What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)? - ANSWER Daily intake of a nutrient that meets the needs of 97.5% of all healthy individuals What is energy density? - ANSWER Comparison of the calorie content of a food with weight of a food What are the Three (3) foundations of a healthy food plan? - ANSWER variety (eating many different foods), balance (consuming food from each group), and moderation (smaller portion sizes) What is it when a food is nutrient dense? - ANSWER it's a food that provides a large amount of nutrient for a small amount of calories Which mineral is important in the synthesis of thyroid hormone (lack of it will lead to goiter) ? - ANSWER Iodide Which mineral is better absorbed as the heme form present in animal products like beef? - ANSWER Iron What essential nutrient may lower blood pressure when intake is increased? (It is found in greatest abundance in fruits and vegetables. A deficiency can lead to muscle cramps and irregular heartbeat) - ANSWER Potassium Which mineral is present in the body in the grestest quantity? - ANSWER Calcium Which mineral gives strength to bones and teeth? - ANSWER flouride What are some major fructose sources? - ANSWER fruits and high fructose corn syrup What is a charcteristic of marasmus? - ANSWER has a gradual onset with severe weight loss and muscle wasting What are lipoproteins? - ANSWER packages of fats that allow them to be transported throughout the body What are triglycerides? - ANSWER The major form of lipid in the body and in food. It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. What are phospholipids? - ANSWER Any class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing component. (essential parts of every cell) What are the functions of proteins? - ANSWER to repair tissues, support growth of new tissues, and maintain body tissues What are the functions of carbohydrates? - ANSWER yielding energy, protein sparing, prevents ketosis, regulates blood glucose How much dietary fiber intake is recommended per day? - ANSWER 25-35 grams how do you measure BMI? - ANSWER body weight in kilograms divded by height squared in meters What is positive protein balance? - ANSWER A state in which protein intake exceeds related protein losses, as is needed during times of growth What is negative protein balance? - ANSWER A state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, as is often seen during acute illness What are characteristics of kwashiorkor? - ANSWER Rapid onset of mild to moderate weight loss, edema, ad maintenance of some muscle and subcutaneous fat What are the functions of fat? - ANSWER adds flavor to food, carrier of fat-solube vitamins, & insulates and protects the body