AP Psychology AP test - 2021 graded A+

Nature vs. Nurture Product of parents vs environment Dualism, structuralism, conscientiousness Looking deeper into why we do what we do and why we are who we are (Mind and Body) Monism, Functionalism, Behaviorism Does not ask why, looks at what and only surface behavioral approach What is observable behavior, based on environment, phobia. John Watson Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Approach Originated with Sigmund Freud, who emphasized unconscious motivations and conflicts, the importance of early childhood experiences, talks deeply, evil thoughts and reasoning. Humanistic approach Touch/feely, why you do what you do, safe in the room, connect with the patient, "walk in their shoes" Biological Approach Medication, alters brain chemistry, Psychiatrist Evolutionary approach behavior and mental processes are determined by adapting to the environment to survive Cognitive Approach Thought, challenge thoughts and need to think different, thought process, tries to change mind Sociocultural Approach Society and culture impact on who you are as a person, focus on how surroundings effect the patient Biopsychosocial approach Integrated approaches between biological, psychological, and socially. Looking at different aspects Calkins First female president of the APA Dix First person in 1800s who said "why are we not helping these people". Referring to mentally ill people Washburn First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology Titchener Father of structuralism - why James Functionalist - Why - F*ck James G. Stanley Hall USA structuralist, 1st APA president, created 1st lab in US at Johns Hopkins Clinical psychologist A psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances/illnesses Counciling psychologist A psychologist whose main purpose is to give advice Developmental psychologist a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures/ages Educational Psychologist A psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn, tutors, teachers Engineering Psychologist A psychologist who study and try to improve the relationships between human beings and the computers and other machines they use. Industrial/Organizational psychologist a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers Forensic Psychologist A psychologist who applies psychology to law and legal proceedings, Ex. profiling Geropsychologists A psychologist/therapist who works with the elderly, with the "later in life" transition Health Psychologist A psychologist who studies the relationships between psychological factors and health issues Neuropsychologists A psychologist who explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior Psyshometrician A psychologist who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality, data, tests Rehabilitation Psychologist A psychologists who serve with physicians, nurses, counselors, and social workers to treat patients with both physical and mental disorders, also addiction School Psychologist A psychologist who helps students with problems that interfere with learning Sport psychologist A psychologist who apply psychology to understanding and improving athletic performance Population What kind of subjects you want to work with, specific traits of people for study (research) Sample A small group within the population that participates (research) Confounding Variables A factor that effects your subjects other than the independent variable (research) Random Selection everyone has an equal chance of being selected but not everyone is (research) Random Assignment Placing participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable (research) independent variable What we are manipulating (research) Controlled Variable A variable that is not changed (research) Between-subjects design Comparing one group to another (research) Within-subjects design Using the same group to compare them in both situations (research) Operational Definition When measuring a qualitative dependent variable it turns it into a number. (research). Ex: SAT, ACT Experimenter Bias the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research (research) Demand characteristics Subject thinks they should respond a certain way based on what they know or think they know (research) Single-blind procedure Subjects do not know what they will be studied for (research) Double-blind procedure Neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are being tested on (research) Placebo/placebo effect Fake variable, when people do now know what they received but pretend because they think they are suppose to act a certain way. (research) Quasal experimental research Somewhat, can not completely control the independent variable. Ex: giving birth (research) Correlational Research The strong connection between two thing, Higher number = closer relationship (research) Case Study Study of a small group of people or one person. Case = person (research) Confederates General term talking about someone who is in on experiment but deceiving subjects(research) Experimental hypothesis Predicts the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Ex: If you wear a mask, you are less likely to catch covid (research) Correlational hypothesis States the association between co-variables. Ex: The more you wear a mask outside the house, the less likely you will catch covid. (research) Measures of central tendency mean, median, mode Measures of Variability range, variance, standard deviation Bell Curve Present a large set of data, 0=standard deviation mean, 68%=Average, 95%=little above and little below, 99%=most to least Skew Graph Positive = mean is too low, Negative = mean is too high Left hemisphere of brain is responsible for... Language, speech, understanding. (brain) Right hemisphere of brain is responsible for... Information about form, space, music, and entire patterns. (brain) Receptive language- understanding, close to the ear Wernicke's Area(brain) Speaking - expressive language, left hemisphere Broca's Area(brain) Corpus Callosum Enable two hemispheres to be able to communicate (brain) Autonomic nervous system Involuntary movements (brain) Somatic nervous system Voluntary movements (brain) Sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight trama - scared(brain) Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest - calm, resting state(brain) Phineas Gage (1848) Personality change after injury severed the connection between his limbic system and frontal cortex. Revealed the relationship between frontal lobes and control of emotional behavior. (brain) FPOT Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe Evolutionary Model of brain "Your brain developed in 3 stages" Reptilien - most satisfied, oldest Old Mamalian brain - middle New Mamalian brain - newest part in the brain Gyrus/Gyri (brain) Peaks in brain, physical structure Sulcus/sulci (brain) Valleys in brain, physical structure Pons/reticular formation A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body(brain) Medulla The base of the brainstem in the hindbrain; controls heartbeat and breathing, life support(brain) Cerebellum - Little brain coordinates voluntary movement & balance (walking, shaking hands, etc.); also involved in learning & memory, judging time, emotions, distinguishing sounds/textures. If damage = jerky (brain) Thalamus - Located in midbrain Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex, Taste, touch, sight, sound (brain) Hypothalamus - Located in midbrain a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. Fight or flight. (brain) Amygdala - located in midbrain Emotional regulation - memories can be triggered by emotion (brain)