New Media Challenges – Lectures and Articles notes
Table of Contents
Week 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Lecture 1: Utopian/Dystopian views on media infiltration ............................................................................................. 2
Lecture 2: Introduction to online privacy ........................................................................................................................ 5
Articles.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Lecture 3: Personalization, privacy, and surveillance.................................................................................................... 12
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Week 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Lecture 4: Trolling, flaming, grieving & harassment: online safety issues for you and people you know ................... 16
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Lecture 5: Harassment impact on research................................................................................................................... 21
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Week 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Lecture 6: Connecting the dots: The real data revolution of turning big data into knowledge ................................... 26
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Lecture 7: A Network Economy: Online Business Models in the Age of Information .................................................. 34
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Lecture 8: eProfiling and ePersuasion ........................................................................................................................... 42
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Week 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Lecture 9: Social contagion on social media: How behaviors may spread across online networks............................. 51
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Lecture 10: Media literacy and digital citizenship...................................................................................................... 57
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Week 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Lecture 11: Always on: multitasking and performance ............................................................................................. 62
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Lecture 12: Information processing and credibility in the age of the internet ......................................................... 68
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Lecture 13: New media and political campaigning .................................................................................................... 78
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Week 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Lecture 14: Selective attention, motivated reasoning, and attitude formation ....................................................... 86
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 88
Lecture 15: The internet as the domain of extremism and lies: junk news, political extremism, and polarization. 90
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 92
Week 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Lecture 16: Beyond bias: hostile media effect when consuming news .................................................................... 94
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Lecture 17: Correcting misinformation, striving for the (im)possible .................................................................................... 99
Articles...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Tips for the exam ..................................................................................................................................................... 102
1
,Week 1
Lecture 1: Utopian/Dystopian views on media infiltration
Trends in media and media use
• From push to pull
o Consumers are choosing from a large offering of media content, think of YouTube, On Demand
o Social media causes people to look up information they are interested in (being pulled in), instead
of getting information provided by newspapers, for example (information being pushed onto them)
• Dissolving media boundaries
o Browsing the internet on a phone, or listening to the radio on your laptop
• Increasing interactivity
o Online/multiplayer games, chat functions on webpages
• Content creation by consumers
o Social media, writing reviews, blogs and vlogs
o The consumer becomes the journalist, but what is the role of the journalist then?
Changes in the media landscape
• How we entertain ourselves
o Tik Tok is more popular than watching TV amongst younger generations
o The younger you are, the shorter your attention span is
o Older people rely more on TV
• How we inform ourselves
o Newspapers are disappearing amongst the younger generations
o More news through social media
• How we consume
o Buying online is becoming increasingly popular, especially since the pandemic
• How we interact
The exam might give a graph which needs
to be analyzed. For example: What kind of
trend is seen in a certain group in the last
few years and describe possible causes for
this.
Figure 1: % of US citizens on how they consumed news
• As seen in the figure, online/mobile news is becoming more popular
• Newspapers have decreased in popularity the most
• The upcoming of social media played a big part in this
2
, Figure 2: TV viewing trends by age group
• It is noticeable that older generations rely more on TV, and watch for a longer period
• The younger generation actually does not watch TV as much, and it even decreases over time
Media consumption in 4 different generations (research)
• This research reported how media consumption has changed during the pandemic
• Gen Z
o Made a lot of use of online videos, such as Tik Tok and YouTube
o A little bit of everything, but nothing is used as much as online media consumption
• Millennials
o Made a lot of use of online videos, but less than Gen Z did
o Started watching more television
o Diverse media use – a little bit of everything
• Gen X
o Broadcast TV is used a lot
o Online videos far less than younger generations
o There was a variation in media use, though
• Boomers
o Television consumption is the most important
o Other sources are used a lot less, it seems like this generation only uses TV
o Print media is also important to this generation
Utopian vs. Dystopian perspectives
• Utopia: a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens
• Dystopia: a community or society that is undesirable or frightening
• Functions of a utopian worldview:
o The idea that everything in the future is better, it’s idealistic
o Optimism about the future
o Strong belief in technological development, and how it can help us
o Push to invest in technological developments, to get to that future ASAP
§ Cultural change towards individuation and individual empowerment because of technology,
think of the option of following a lecture online instead of in-person.
• Dystopian views about the future:
o People are worried about the influence of technology and how that will affect us in the future
3
, Opportunities and threats when looking at the technological developments in the future
• Opportunities:
o Companies: the use of personal data can personalize advertisements and optimize revenue
o Individuals: daily life becomes easy
§ Bank card on your phone
§ Self-check out at the supermarket
§ Working and studying from home is possible
§ Based on personal data, personalized choices are made for you, think of Netflix
recommendations or your For You Page on Tik Tok
• Threats:
o Companies: discussions whether the use of personal data is unethical, like what happened to
Facebook recently
o Individuals: the upcoming of AI can cause jobs, as some are easily replaceable by computers
Industrial revolutions in history
• 1784: mechanical production, railroads, and steam power
o Utopian: people became more mobile, which opened rural areas
o Dystopian: farmers were angry, when a train passed by cows would be too scared to produce milk,
the smoke that came from the trains made people not able to breathe
• 1870: mass production, electrical power, and the advent of the assembly line
o Utopian: mass production, more people had access to mass produced goods. Factories caused
employment.
o Dystopian: increased gap between rich and poor
• 1969: automated production, electronics, and computers
o Utopian: calculations could be done that were not possible by humans, communication opened
through computers, the world could connect with each other via Internet
o Dystopian: human jobs could be taken away by computers, social life changed as people could talk
through a screen instead of face-to-face
• Now (?): AI, big data, robotics and more to come
o We cannot decide if we are in a revolution, only if we've passed it. This would be when the
development of AI, robotics, etc. has reached a limit
o We do not know what it will bring us in the future, and if it had a good or bad outcome
4
Table of Contents
Week 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Lecture 1: Utopian/Dystopian views on media infiltration ............................................................................................. 2
Lecture 2: Introduction to online privacy ........................................................................................................................ 5
Articles.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Lecture 3: Personalization, privacy, and surveillance.................................................................................................... 12
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Week 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Lecture 4: Trolling, flaming, grieving & harassment: online safety issues for you and people you know ................... 16
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Lecture 5: Harassment impact on research................................................................................................................... 21
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Week 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Lecture 6: Connecting the dots: The real data revolution of turning big data into knowledge ................................... 26
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Lecture 7: A Network Economy: Online Business Models in the Age of Information .................................................. 34
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Lecture 8: eProfiling and ePersuasion ........................................................................................................................... 42
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Week 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Lecture 9: Social contagion on social media: How behaviors may spread across online networks............................. 51
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
Lecture 10: Media literacy and digital citizenship...................................................................................................... 57
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Week 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Lecture 11: Always on: multitasking and performance ............................................................................................. 62
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Lecture 12: Information processing and credibility in the age of the internet ......................................................... 68
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
Lecture 13: New media and political campaigning .................................................................................................... 78
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Week 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Lecture 14: Selective attention, motivated reasoning, and attitude formation ....................................................... 86
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 88
Lecture 15: The internet as the domain of extremism and lies: junk news, political extremism, and polarization. 90
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 92
Week 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Lecture 16: Beyond bias: hostile media effect when consuming news .................................................................... 94
Articles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Lecture 17: Correcting misinformation, striving for the (im)possible .................................................................................... 99
Articles...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Tips for the exam ..................................................................................................................................................... 102
1
,Week 1
Lecture 1: Utopian/Dystopian views on media infiltration
Trends in media and media use
• From push to pull
o Consumers are choosing from a large offering of media content, think of YouTube, On Demand
o Social media causes people to look up information they are interested in (being pulled in), instead
of getting information provided by newspapers, for example (information being pushed onto them)
• Dissolving media boundaries
o Browsing the internet on a phone, or listening to the radio on your laptop
• Increasing interactivity
o Online/multiplayer games, chat functions on webpages
• Content creation by consumers
o Social media, writing reviews, blogs and vlogs
o The consumer becomes the journalist, but what is the role of the journalist then?
Changes in the media landscape
• How we entertain ourselves
o Tik Tok is more popular than watching TV amongst younger generations
o The younger you are, the shorter your attention span is
o Older people rely more on TV
• How we inform ourselves
o Newspapers are disappearing amongst the younger generations
o More news through social media
• How we consume
o Buying online is becoming increasingly popular, especially since the pandemic
• How we interact
The exam might give a graph which needs
to be analyzed. For example: What kind of
trend is seen in a certain group in the last
few years and describe possible causes for
this.
Figure 1: % of US citizens on how they consumed news
• As seen in the figure, online/mobile news is becoming more popular
• Newspapers have decreased in popularity the most
• The upcoming of social media played a big part in this
2
, Figure 2: TV viewing trends by age group
• It is noticeable that older generations rely more on TV, and watch for a longer period
• The younger generation actually does not watch TV as much, and it even decreases over time
Media consumption in 4 different generations (research)
• This research reported how media consumption has changed during the pandemic
• Gen Z
o Made a lot of use of online videos, such as Tik Tok and YouTube
o A little bit of everything, but nothing is used as much as online media consumption
• Millennials
o Made a lot of use of online videos, but less than Gen Z did
o Started watching more television
o Diverse media use – a little bit of everything
• Gen X
o Broadcast TV is used a lot
o Online videos far less than younger generations
o There was a variation in media use, though
• Boomers
o Television consumption is the most important
o Other sources are used a lot less, it seems like this generation only uses TV
o Print media is also important to this generation
Utopian vs. Dystopian perspectives
• Utopia: a community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens
• Dystopia: a community or society that is undesirable or frightening
• Functions of a utopian worldview:
o The idea that everything in the future is better, it’s idealistic
o Optimism about the future
o Strong belief in technological development, and how it can help us
o Push to invest in technological developments, to get to that future ASAP
§ Cultural change towards individuation and individual empowerment because of technology,
think of the option of following a lecture online instead of in-person.
• Dystopian views about the future:
o People are worried about the influence of technology and how that will affect us in the future
3
, Opportunities and threats when looking at the technological developments in the future
• Opportunities:
o Companies: the use of personal data can personalize advertisements and optimize revenue
o Individuals: daily life becomes easy
§ Bank card on your phone
§ Self-check out at the supermarket
§ Working and studying from home is possible
§ Based on personal data, personalized choices are made for you, think of Netflix
recommendations or your For You Page on Tik Tok
• Threats:
o Companies: discussions whether the use of personal data is unethical, like what happened to
Facebook recently
o Individuals: the upcoming of AI can cause jobs, as some are easily replaceable by computers
Industrial revolutions in history
• 1784: mechanical production, railroads, and steam power
o Utopian: people became more mobile, which opened rural areas
o Dystopian: farmers were angry, when a train passed by cows would be too scared to produce milk,
the smoke that came from the trains made people not able to breathe
• 1870: mass production, electrical power, and the advent of the assembly line
o Utopian: mass production, more people had access to mass produced goods. Factories caused
employment.
o Dystopian: increased gap between rich and poor
• 1969: automated production, electronics, and computers
o Utopian: calculations could be done that were not possible by humans, communication opened
through computers, the world could connect with each other via Internet
o Dystopian: human jobs could be taken away by computers, social life changed as people could talk
through a screen instead of face-to-face
• Now (?): AI, big data, robotics and more to come
o We cannot decide if we are in a revolution, only if we've passed it. This would be when the
development of AI, robotics, etc. has reached a limit
o We do not know what it will bring us in the future, and if it had a good or bad outcome
4
