GRAMMAR ENGELS (HOGENT)
Grammar (theorie) .................................................................................................................. 1
Genitive’s ............................................................................................................................... 8
Grammar (oefeningen)......................................................................................................... 9
Modal verbs ............................................................................................................................ 9
Conditionals.......................................................................................................................... 19
Relative clauses .................................................................................................................... 27
Passive - active voice ........................................................................................................... 27
Nouns.................................................................................................................................... 28
adjective and adverb ............................................................................................................. 29
Comparatives and superlatives ............................................................................................. 31
prpositions ............................................................................................................................ 34
0
,Grammar (theorie)
In a nutshell
,Relative clauses
2 types
Defining relative clauses = necessary information
Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
Non-defining relative clauses = unnecessary/additional information
John's mother, who lives in Scotland, hates chocolate.
Difference
The passive voice
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence DOES the action:
Jake wrote a letter. (S + V + O)
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is acted upon:
A letter was written (by Jake). (S + V)
Notice that the object of the active sentence (letter) became the subject of the passive
sentence. Just like in the example below:
If we want, we can include "by Jake" to say who did the action. But we do NOT include
"by..." when:
1. The doer of the action is unknown: e.g. The money was stolen. E.g. Three
people have been killed in the park.
2. The doer of the action is "people in general": e.g. Chinese is seen as a very
difficult language to learn. E.g. It was once believed that the sun revolved around
the earth.
3. The doer of the action is completely obvious or unimportant: e.g. This bridge
was built in 1889. E.g. She is being treated for cancer. (by doctors and nurses,
obviously) E.g. All articles are proofread before publication. (probably a team of
editors)
, An overview
Grammar (theorie) .................................................................................................................. 1
Genitive’s ............................................................................................................................... 8
Grammar (oefeningen)......................................................................................................... 9
Modal verbs ............................................................................................................................ 9
Conditionals.......................................................................................................................... 19
Relative clauses .................................................................................................................... 27
Passive - active voice ........................................................................................................... 27
Nouns.................................................................................................................................... 28
adjective and adverb ............................................................................................................. 29
Comparatives and superlatives ............................................................................................. 31
prpositions ............................................................................................................................ 34
0
,Grammar (theorie)
In a nutshell
,Relative clauses
2 types
Defining relative clauses = necessary information
Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
Non-defining relative clauses = unnecessary/additional information
John's mother, who lives in Scotland, hates chocolate.
Difference
The passive voice
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence DOES the action:
Jake wrote a letter. (S + V + O)
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is acted upon:
A letter was written (by Jake). (S + V)
Notice that the object of the active sentence (letter) became the subject of the passive
sentence. Just like in the example below:
If we want, we can include "by Jake" to say who did the action. But we do NOT include
"by..." when:
1. The doer of the action is unknown: e.g. The money was stolen. E.g. Three
people have been killed in the park.
2. The doer of the action is "people in general": e.g. Chinese is seen as a very
difficult language to learn. E.g. It was once believed that the sun revolved around
the earth.
3. The doer of the action is completely obvious or unimportant: e.g. This bridge
was built in 1889. E.g. She is being treated for cancer. (by doctors and nurses,
obviously) E.g. All articles are proofread before publication. (probably a team of
editors)
, An overview
