CHAPTER 18 – SECUTIRY: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL
- How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence free from threats?
- Because of police and military
- Now also human security → economic, food and personal security
SECURITY BEYOND BOUNDARIES?
- Security – absence of danger, fear or anxiety
- Inside – the capacity to maintain order within state borders
- Outside – capacity of the state to provide protection from beyond its borders, ability
to fight
- Security → the condition of being safe from harm or threats, usually understood as
‘freedom from fear’, implying physical harm
- Order → stable and predictable forms of behaviour and, to those that safeguard
personal security
- The division between inside and outside security is hard to sustain due to
globalization
o Example: terrorist attack on 9/11
- The war of terror → efforts by the US and its key allies to root out and destroy the
groups and forced deemed to be responsible for global terrorism
DOMESTIC SECURITY
The police and politics
- Police force lies in the heart of coercive state, maintains domestic order
- Contrary to the military police is present in our everyday life and is more closely
integrated into society
o Usually unarmed (UK) or have self-defence arms
- Crime → breach of criminal law, which is law that establishes the relationship
between the state and the individual
- 3 contrasting approaches to the nature of policing
o 1. Liberal perspective – police is neutral, the purpose is to maintain domestic
order through the protection of individual rights and liberties
▪ Protecting citizens
o 2. Conservative perspective – preserving the authority of the state
▪ Pessimistic view
o 3. Radical perspective → critical view of police power – tool of oppression
▪ Marxist version = defenders of property
Role of the police
- To ‘fight crime’
- Differs from different parts of the world (rural India vs New York)
- Civil policing → the role of the police in the enforcement of criminal law
o Traditional in Japan
o Citizens accepting their lives will be closely monitored
, - Community policing → constant police presence in the community seeks to build
trust and cooperation with the public
- Broken windows theory → theory that minor offences (broken windows) that are not
speedily delt with advertise that an area is not cared for and so lead to more, and
more serious offences
- Policing can be political in 2 senses
o 1. Policing can be carried out in accordance with political biases or social
prejudices that favour certain groups of interests over others
▪ Raised by radicals and socialists
o 2. Policing may extend beyond civil matters and impact on specifically political
disputes
- Institutional racism → form of racism that operates through the culture or
procedural rules of an organization, as distinct from personal prejudice
- Civil liberty → private sphere of existence that belongs to the citizen, not the state
(negative rights)
- Level of political policing has increased as societies have become more complex and
fragmented
o Particularly seen during strikes, demonstration and civil unrest
Police states
- Police that operate outside of the legal framework and is accountable to neither
courts or the general public
- Has totalitarian features
- Police state → state that relies on a system of arbitrary and indiscriminate policing in
which civil liberties are routinely abused
o Example: Nazi Germany (Brownshirts), Lenin’s Cheka, but also the CIA, B-
Specialists in Northern Ireland
The military and domestic politics
- 19th century – the military has become a specialized institution separated from the
rest of the society
o Almost for every country – except for Costa Rica (but backed up by US
military)
- 4 factors distinguishing military from other institutions
o 1. Instrument of war – the military has a monopoly on weaponry and coercive
power
o 2. Armed forces are tightly organized and highly disciplined, characterized by
hierarchy and strict obedience
o 3. Distinctive culture and set of values (kill and die)
o 4. Being ‘above’ politics – guarantee the security and integrity of the state,
repository of national interest
- Military differs based on history and traditions of each country
o China – influenced by communist regime
- How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence free from threats?
- Because of police and military
- Now also human security → economic, food and personal security
SECURITY BEYOND BOUNDARIES?
- Security – absence of danger, fear or anxiety
- Inside – the capacity to maintain order within state borders
- Outside – capacity of the state to provide protection from beyond its borders, ability
to fight
- Security → the condition of being safe from harm or threats, usually understood as
‘freedom from fear’, implying physical harm
- Order → stable and predictable forms of behaviour and, to those that safeguard
personal security
- The division between inside and outside security is hard to sustain due to
globalization
o Example: terrorist attack on 9/11
- The war of terror → efforts by the US and its key allies to root out and destroy the
groups and forced deemed to be responsible for global terrorism
DOMESTIC SECURITY
The police and politics
- Police force lies in the heart of coercive state, maintains domestic order
- Contrary to the military police is present in our everyday life and is more closely
integrated into society
o Usually unarmed (UK) or have self-defence arms
- Crime → breach of criminal law, which is law that establishes the relationship
between the state and the individual
- 3 contrasting approaches to the nature of policing
o 1. Liberal perspective – police is neutral, the purpose is to maintain domestic
order through the protection of individual rights and liberties
▪ Protecting citizens
o 2. Conservative perspective – preserving the authority of the state
▪ Pessimistic view
o 3. Radical perspective → critical view of police power – tool of oppression
▪ Marxist version = defenders of property
Role of the police
- To ‘fight crime’
- Differs from different parts of the world (rural India vs New York)
- Civil policing → the role of the police in the enforcement of criminal law
o Traditional in Japan
o Citizens accepting their lives will be closely monitored
, - Community policing → constant police presence in the community seeks to build
trust and cooperation with the public
- Broken windows theory → theory that minor offences (broken windows) that are not
speedily delt with advertise that an area is not cared for and so lead to more, and
more serious offences
- Policing can be political in 2 senses
o 1. Policing can be carried out in accordance with political biases or social
prejudices that favour certain groups of interests over others
▪ Raised by radicals and socialists
o 2. Policing may extend beyond civil matters and impact on specifically political
disputes
- Institutional racism → form of racism that operates through the culture or
procedural rules of an organization, as distinct from personal prejudice
- Civil liberty → private sphere of existence that belongs to the citizen, not the state
(negative rights)
- Level of political policing has increased as societies have become more complex and
fragmented
o Particularly seen during strikes, demonstration and civil unrest
Police states
- Police that operate outside of the legal framework and is accountable to neither
courts or the general public
- Has totalitarian features
- Police state → state that relies on a system of arbitrary and indiscriminate policing in
which civil liberties are routinely abused
o Example: Nazi Germany (Brownshirts), Lenin’s Cheka, but also the CIA, B-
Specialists in Northern Ireland
The military and domestic politics
- 19th century – the military has become a specialized institution separated from the
rest of the society
o Almost for every country – except for Costa Rica (but backed up by US
military)
- 4 factors distinguishing military from other institutions
o 1. Instrument of war – the military has a monopoly on weaponry and coercive
power
o 2. Armed forces are tightly organized and highly disciplined, characterized by
hierarchy and strict obedience
o 3. Distinctive culture and set of values (kill and die)
o 4. Being ‘above’ politics – guarantee the security and integrity of the state,
repository of national interest
- Military differs based on history and traditions of each country
o China – influenced by communist regime
