ZEN161 Practical Exam summary

Practical Exam Summary
PRACTICAL 1



Kingdom Protista
Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena
three distinguishing characteristics of Why is this organism regarded as
this organism: autotrophic:
 Phytoflagellated Makes its own food (contain
 Autotrophic chloroplasts for photosynthesis to
 Stigma covers photoreceptor @ base take place)
of flagellum to allow orientate
towards light


Phylum Euglenozoa
Trypanosoma
What diseases is caused by this African sleeping sickness
parasite:
Intercellular vs Intracellular Intercellular: inhabiting spaces in the host’s
parasite: body
Intracellular: inhabiting cells in the host’s
body
Trypanosoma = intercellular parasite
Distinguishing characteristics of the Zooflagellated
parasite: Undulating membrane
Common name and genus name of Glossina or tsetse flies
vector:
Where is it found in the vector: Salivary glands
Host in life cycle: Human
Where can it be found in the host: Blood and body fluids

Phylum Amoebozoa
Amoeba
three distinguishing Have lobopodia for feeding and locomotion
characteristics: Feed through phagocytosis
They have no shell (test) – “naked”
Pseudopodia: lobopodia


Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Foraminiferans (forams)
Exoskelton composed of: Calcium carbonate
Found in: Marine environments
What happens to dead The tests sink to the bottom of the ocean
organisms:
Pseudopodia: Reticulopodia and filopodia

Phylum Apicomplexa
Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria Parasite)
Intracellular vs intercellular: Intracellular parasite - has an apical
complex that recognizes and penetrates
red blood cells
Distinguishing morphological forms a characteristic ring stage when

, characteristic in blood: in red blood cells, this can be used for
diagnosis of malaria
common name and genus name of Anopheles mosquito
the definitive host:
Where is it found in definitive host: Salivary glands
Intermediate host: Human
2 places found in intermediate host: Liver
Red blood cells

Phylum Ciliophora
Paramecium (Slipper animals)
Three distinguishing Cilia used for locomotion
characteristics: Distinct cytostome or oral groove
Dimorphic nuclei present
Method of locomotion: Cilia
‘Dimorphic nuclei’: one large macronucleus, one or more smaller
micronuclei


Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Ciliophora
1. Class Calcarea (Calcareous sponges)
2. Class Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)
3. Class Demospongiae (Bath sponges)
Three general characteristics of Sessile filter feeders
sponges: No tissues/organs
Asymmetrical/radially symmetrical
Composition of spicules: Calcareous sponges: CaCO3 spicules
Glass sponges: Silica spicules
Bath sponges: Silica spicules/sponging
Function of spicules: Support
Three types of body forms in Ascon
sponges: Sycon
Leucon


Phylum Cnidaria
Three general characteristics of Diploblastic
cnidarians: Sac body plan
Radial/biradial symmetry
One type of cnidocyte and 2 Nematocyst (stinging cells) used for food
functions: gathering and defense
3 functions of the gastrovascular Digestion
cavity: Exchange of respiratory gases and
metabolic wastes
Discharge of gametes
Distinguish: Gonozooid: Reducing polyp
Gastrozooid: Feeding polyp
Dactylozooid: Defending polyp
Pneumatophore: Gas-filled sac serving as
float

Class Hydrozoa
Hydra
Defens Specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes
e:

, Obelia
Life – cycle and prominent stage: Life cycle: See attached
Prominent stage: Polyp
Two types of zooids found in polyp Gastrozooid and gonozooid
stage:




Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war)
Four types of zooids: Gonozooid, gastrozooid, dactylozooid and pneumatophore
Movement of colony: Pneumatophore used for floating


Class Scyphozoa
Aurelia (Jellyfishes)
Life – cycle and prominent Life cycle: See attached
stage: Prominent stage: Medusa


Class Anthozoa
Sea anemones
Skeleton: Hydrostatic skeleton
Function of pedal Attachment to substrate
disk:
Movement: Gliding on pedal disk
Crawl on tentacles/on their sides
Defense: Release water from body so organism can collapse


Corals
Exoskeleton: CaCO3
Magnificent structures formed by Coral reefs
stony corals:



PRACTICAL 2



Phylum Platyhelminthes
3 General characteristics of the Explain Monoecious/Dioecious
phylum:
 Most monoecious Mono: Both male and female repro organs
 Triploblastic on one individual
 Acoelomates Dioe: Male and female repro organs are
 Bilateral symmetry on separate individuals of the same
species


Class Rhabditophora (Dugesia)- Monoecious
Dugesia
Found in: aquatic environments
Function of the for orientation towards light
eyespot:
Function of Auricle: sensory lobes on head w/ chemoreceptors for food
detection (sensory cells)

Class Trematoda
Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver flukes) - Monoecious