PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022

PATHO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2022 A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of chronic lung disease) who has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough productive of bloody sputum (sputum=secretions from deep in the lungs). After a few days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the chart: "I have told the patient that the etiologies of his hemoptysis are: 1) exacerbation of his chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onsets of both were contributed to by his longstanding smoking." The patient asks the nurse for more information. Which of the following explanations to the patient best indicates a full understanding of the patient's situation? a. "You have a disease process that was iatrogenically caused by cigarette smoking." b. "You have a sudden onset of a chronic lung disease that was brought on by lung cancer." c. "The coughing up of blood is caused by a worsening of a disease you've had for a long time, plus a new problem-- lung cancer." d. "These diseases have been creeping up on you for probably 20 years; it just goes to show that you should never have taken up smoking." - ANS-c. "The coughing up of blood is caused by a worsening of a disease you've had for a long time, plus a new problem-- lung cancer." A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of chronic lung disease) who has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough productive of bloody sputum (sputum=secretions from deep in the lungs). After a few days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the chart: "I have told the patient that the etiologies of his hemoptysis are: 1) exacerbation of his chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onsets of both were contributed to by his longstanding smoking." Based on all the information you have on the patient, which statement is most likely correct? a. The patient has a poor prognosis because of the comorbidities of lung cancer and cigarette smoking. b. Lung cancer was a sequela of the bloody sputum. c. A precipitating factor for the acute hospitalization was overexertion when the patient started an exercise class. d. Heavy cigarette smoking was a risk factor in the patient's developing emphysema and lung cancer. - ANS-d. Heavy cigarette smoking was a risk factor in the patient's developing emphysema and lung cancer. An 80-year-old patient is in shock from loss of blood following an accident. His vital signs are: BP 80/50 (normal ~ 120/80), HR 120 (norm = 60-100), RR 20 (norm = 12 to 20), T 98.6 (norm ~ 98.6). In assessing this patient, the nurse understands that the abnormal HR is a. probably the etiology for the patient's low BP. b. due to the patient's heart compensating for low blood volume by pumping faster. c. the normal compensatory response of shunting blood volume to the periphery. d. due to multiple risk factors. - ANS-b. due to the patient's heart compensating for low blood volume by pumping faster. An 80-year-old patient is in shock from loss of blood following an accident. His vital signs are: BP 80/50 (normal ~ 120/80), HR 120 (norm = 60-100), RR 20 (norm = 12 to 20), T 98.6 (norm ~ 98.6). The patient would also most likely have all of the following EXCEPT a. S&S of cool feet and hands from the body's compensatory response to shock. b. S&S of feeling faint and weak from blood loss. c. a risk factor of shock. d. a more guarded (ie, "poorer") prognosis because of his age. - ANS-c. a risk factor of shock. A young, otherwise healthy patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure of unknown cause. The etiology of the heart failure would be termed a. iatrogenic. b. idiopathic. c. nosocomial. d. acute. - ANS-b. idiopathic. A 55 year old male is in the ER having a myocardial infarction (heart attack, AKA "M.I."), which is caused by coronary arteries that are clogged with fat and narrowed so that not enough oxygen-rich blood is getting to his heart. He admits that his daily nutrition is poor, consisting mainly of high-fat fast food. He has a family history of cardiac disease-- his father had a heart attack at age 46. The patient is obese and is a heavy cigarette smoker-- 2 PPD (packs per day). The patient said he had decided to take up jogging today and after a few minutes began having chest pain, nausea and shortness of breath. He went to the ER and was noted to have profuse diaphoresis (heavy sweating), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and significant changes on his electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). The patient recovers from this acute heart attack but his heart is so damaged that subsequently he has many episodes of congestive heart failure and many hospitalizations. Without even having further knowledge of course material related to MI's, you can tell a lot about the scenario from careful reading and knowledge of basic patho verbiage. Example: The paragraph above suggests that the direct pathophysiologic etiology of the heart attack (MI) is most likely related to. CONTINUES...