Formulas / ATPL theory summary

Formulas / ATPL theory summary All you need to know for the licence (Rob Groothuis) Index ATPL Page 2 to 2 Handy formulas / guidelines general Page 3 to 14 Formulas all subjects Page 15 to 18 General navigation Page 19 to 26 Meteorology Page 27 to 31 Instrumentation Page 32 to 33 Communications VFR / IFR Page 34 to 34 Mass and balance Page 35 to 36 Flight planning Page 37 to 41 Human performance & limitations Page 42 to 45 Radio navigation Page 46 to 48 Principles of flight Page 49 to 56 Aviation law Page 57 to 57 Operational procedures Page 58 to 59 Performance Page 60 to 60 Aircraft general knowledge Handy formulas/guidelines general **PUSH THE HEAD AND PULL THE TAIL**  intercepting NDB QDR/QDM glidepath  height  ( ft)  glidepath  angle  distance (ft) ≈ (300 ft/nm) 60 rate of descent (ft/min): GS x 5 = 3° glide path climb gradient = glide path in ° = rate  of  c lim b  6000 TAS  6080 ...% x 60 100 angle of bank in rate 1 turn = TAS + 7 (approximation) 10 radius of turn (NM) = radius of turn (m) = TAS rate  60   V 2 (m / s) ’’n’’ (load factor) = 10  tan bankangle 1 cos bankangle = VStall increasing factor IAS  (position/instrument error)  RAS/CAS  (compressibility)  EAS  (density)  TAS EAS = x TAS (example: relative density = ¼ at 40000 ft) VOR’s variation at station / NDB’s variation at aircraft. relative bearing + true heading = true bearing QDR + var. = QTE (QDR = magnetic from station / QTE = true from station) QDM ± 180° = QDR (radial) / QDM = ’’bearings on the RMI’’ (QDR = magnetic to) LSS (kt) = 38,94 [273°K = 0°C] LSS = 661 kt (at sea level at ISA temp.= 288 k) LSS = 573 kt (ISA tropopause temp.= 216,5 k) mach  no.  TAS LSS ATPL formulas – General navigation departure (E/W) in NM = Δ longitude (in minutes) x cosine latitude (earth) convergency = Δ longitude x sine mean latitude conversion angle = ½ x convergency northern hemisphere rumbline great circle southern hemisphere great circle rumbline Mercator projection; scale = scale x or ÷ cosine Δ latitude ( x from equator / ÷ to equator) simple conic / Lamberts projection (chart) convergency = Δ longitude x sine latitude (or parallel of origin / constant of the cone) Polar stereographic (chart) convergency = Δ longitude  east  east (grid navigation) convergence = Δ longitude from datum meridian (grid navigation) grivation = variation + convergence glidepath  angle glidepath  height   distance (ft) ≈ (300 ft/nm)