Physiology | Quick Summarized Review
& Guide For Studying & Exam:
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Cardiovascular System
Endocrine System
Physiology of Hearing & Equilibrium
Physiology of Vision
Nervous System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
,Reproductive System
Functions
1. Perpetuates the species.
2. Maintains sexual characteristics.
3. Human life cycle: Haploid gametes (sperm eggs) are produced through meiosis, which also scrambles
the DNA, creating unique cells. At fertilization, gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote, and
development occurs via mitosis.
1. Spermatogenesis: At puberty, the brain releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), triggering a
complex set of responses ultimately ending in the production of sperm.
Normal sperm development requires a slightly lower temperature; thus, testes descend from the
body in the scrotum.
2. Oogenesis: A female is born with her total supply of eggs.
At puberty, GnRH release triggers a cascade of events (the ovarian cycle), where each month,
one (usually) oocyte is released (ovulation) from the ovary into a Fallopian tube where
fertilization can occur.
3. Ovarian cycle: A complex, hormonal-controlled system where growing oocytes surrounded by cells
(follicles) compete for ovulation.
Estrogen effect: Simultaneously thickens the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for possible
implantations after fertilization.
The ovulated primary follicle leaves behind a corpus luteum, which prevents other oocytes from
developing and being released (progesterone-estrogen effect)
If fertilization and implantation occur, the fetus will temporarily keep the corpus luteum
functioning by releasing human chorionic gonadoptropin, or HGG (detected in pregnancy test
kits).
, If fertilization does not occur, endometrium partially sloughs off (messes) and the cycle occurs
again monthly until menopause.
4. Male sexual response: The penis must become erect to facilitate fertilization by penetrating the vagina.
Ejaculation activates sperm that is expelled via semen into the vagina.
Ejaculation is usually accompanied by a pleasurable sensation called orgasm.
5. Female sexual response: Analogous engorgement of the clitoris and associated vaginal tissues may
occur, leading to orgasm, but this response is not necessary for fertilization.
6. Fertilization: A high sperm count (i.e., multiple sperm) is necessary, as small quantities of enzymes are
released from sperm and collectively break down barriers surrounding the egg.
Once a single sperm enters the egg, a series of events prevents other nearby sperm from entering.
Normal fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tubes, after which the embryo moves into the uterus,
where it implants on the endometrium and forms a placental connection with the mother.
7. Development: At 10 weeks, the embryo has the basic human body plan and is called a fetus.
Developmental changes occur before and after birth (parturition)
& Guide For Studying & Exam:
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Cardiovascular System
Endocrine System
Physiology of Hearing & Equilibrium
Physiology of Vision
Nervous System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
,Reproductive System
Functions
1. Perpetuates the species.
2. Maintains sexual characteristics.
3. Human life cycle: Haploid gametes (sperm eggs) are produced through meiosis, which also scrambles
the DNA, creating unique cells. At fertilization, gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote, and
development occurs via mitosis.
1. Spermatogenesis: At puberty, the brain releases Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), triggering a
complex set of responses ultimately ending in the production of sperm.
Normal sperm development requires a slightly lower temperature; thus, testes descend from the
body in the scrotum.
2. Oogenesis: A female is born with her total supply of eggs.
At puberty, GnRH release triggers a cascade of events (the ovarian cycle), where each month,
one (usually) oocyte is released (ovulation) from the ovary into a Fallopian tube where
fertilization can occur.
3. Ovarian cycle: A complex, hormonal-controlled system where growing oocytes surrounded by cells
(follicles) compete for ovulation.
Estrogen effect: Simultaneously thickens the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for possible
implantations after fertilization.
The ovulated primary follicle leaves behind a corpus luteum, which prevents other oocytes from
developing and being released (progesterone-estrogen effect)
If fertilization and implantation occur, the fetus will temporarily keep the corpus luteum
functioning by releasing human chorionic gonadoptropin, or HGG (detected in pregnancy test
kits).
, If fertilization does not occur, endometrium partially sloughs off (messes) and the cycle occurs
again monthly until menopause.
4. Male sexual response: The penis must become erect to facilitate fertilization by penetrating the vagina.
Ejaculation activates sperm that is expelled via semen into the vagina.
Ejaculation is usually accompanied by a pleasurable sensation called orgasm.
5. Female sexual response: Analogous engorgement of the clitoris and associated vaginal tissues may
occur, leading to orgasm, but this response is not necessary for fertilization.
6. Fertilization: A high sperm count (i.e., multiple sperm) is necessary, as small quantities of enzymes are
released from sperm and collectively break down barriers surrounding the egg.
Once a single sperm enters the egg, a series of events prevents other nearby sperm from entering.
Normal fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tubes, after which the embryo moves into the uterus,
where it implants on the endometrium and forms a placental connection with the mother.
7. Development: At 10 weeks, the embryo has the basic human body plan and is called a fetus.
Developmental changes occur before and after birth (parturition)
