TestxBank x- xPathophysiology: xThe xBiologic xBasis xforxDisease xin xAdults xandxChildrenx(8th)

1. Howxdoes xprogressivexnephron xinjuryxaffect xangiotensin xIIxactivity? a. Angiotensin xIIxactivityxis xdecreased. b. Angiotensin xIIxactivityxis xelevated. c. Angiotensin xIIxactivityxis xtotallyxsuppressed. d. Angiotensin xIIxactivityxis xnot xaffected. ANS: x B Angiotensin xIIxactivity xis xelevated xwith xprogressive xnephron xinjury. xAngiotensin xIIxpromotes xglomerular xhypertension xand xhyperfiltration xcaused xby xefferent xarteriolar xvasoconstriction xand xalso xpromotes xsystemic xhypertension. xThe xchronically xhigh xintraglomerular xpressure xincreases xglomerular xcapillary xpermeability, xcontributing xto xproteinuria. xAngiotensin xIIxalso xmay xpromotexthe xactivityxof xinflammatoryxcells xand xgrowth xfactors xthat xparticipatexinxtubulointerstitial xfibrosisxand xscarring. PTS: x x x 1 DIF: CognitivexLevel: xRemembering 2. A xpatient xhas xbeenxdiagnosedxwith xaxrenal xstone.xBased xonxknowledgexof xcommon xstonextypes, xwhat xself-care xmeasure xdoes xthe xhealthcare xprofessional xplan xto xteach xthe xpatient xwhen xstone xanalysis xhas xreturned? a. Increasexwaterxintake. b. Decreasexsodaxintake. c. Restrict xanimal xprotein xin xthexdiet. d. Ingest x1000 xmgxofxcalcium xa xday. ANS: x D Calcium xstones x(calcium xphosphate xor xcalcium xoxalate) xaccount xfor x70% xto x80% xof xall xstones xrequiring xtreatment. xWhile xall xchoices xare xappropriate xfor xself-care xin xthe xpatient xwith xkidney xstones, xmaintainingxa xcalcium xintakexof x1000xtox1200 xmg/dayxis xaxspecific xpreventative xmeasurexfor xcalcium xstones. PTS: x x x 1 DIF: CognitivexLevel: xApplying 3. Thexstudent xasks xthexprofessor xtoxexplainxthexrole xofxpyrophosphate, xpotassium xcitrate, xand xmagnesium xin xthexformation xof xkidneyxstones. xWhat xresponse xbyxthe xprofessor xis xbest?