Phonetics The study of speech sounds
Phonetician Studies speech sounds (specific)
Auditory phonetics How speech sounds are perceived; sounds recieved
Acoustic phonetics How speech sounds are made (physical properties);
how transmitted
Articulatory phonetics How speech sounds are produced through speech
organs (articulators); how sounds are produced
articulators Lips; teeth; tongue; alveolar ridge; hard and soft plate;
uvula; vocal cords
orthography The written system of the English language
phonology Sound patterning system, study of sound (abstract)
homophones Pronounced in same way but differ in meaning and Bare; bear
spelling
homonyms Pronounced or spelled the same but different meanings Bank(river); bank(money)
heteronyms Spelled same but different pronunciation Row(activity); row(fight)
homographs Spelled the same but differ in meaning Tear(rip); tear(cry)
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
phoneme Alphabet symbol sounds; smallest segment of a sound; a
together form sounds
Phonemic Representation of sound /a/
Phonemic transcription Not the actual articulation; in slanted /p/ or /t/
phonetic Study and classification of speech sound
Phonetic transcription Exactly how sounds are articulated; in square [p] or [a]
allophones
syllable Phonological unit – segments around central vowel; #
syllables = # of vowels
stress Emphasis placed on parts of word
intonation Tone and attitude
lexis Study of words a speaker/writer chooses to use
, morphology How words are formed; elementary units and rules of
combination
morphemes Smallest possible units that combine to form words Girl
Grammatical Function words; - prepositions, articles, pronouns And; because; is; I
morpheme
Lexical morphemes Carry content of message Car; boy; shop; girl
Free morphemes Carries meaning on its own; can’t be broken down Skin
Bound morphemes Doesn’t carry meaning when standing alone; but gives Skin(ny) -ly -ing -ise
critical meaning to base
Inflectional morphemes Don’t affect grammatical status of word – noun will Fish – fishes
stay a noun; suffix morpheme
Derivational Affect grammatical status; changes status from 1 word Skin – skinny
morphemes to another
affixes Morpheme attached to beginning/middle/end of word;
with grammatical function
prefix attached to front of root word
suffix Attached to end of root word Girlish
lemma The root word girl
Morphs Segments of a word form; illustrated by { }
allomorph More than one phonological realization; variant form of a/an; cats/catz
a single morpheme
dipthong Ai
cluster Lt
digraph Th gh
compounding Forming a word from two base forms; combination of 2 Bitter-sweet
morphemes
Endocentric Represent a subtype of the head Facecloth
Exocentric Subtype – but not represented in either Readhead
Coordinative Both elements are heads and contribute equally Bitter-sweet
conversion Word is used in a different form e.g. noun as verb Butter; butter bread
reduplication Compounding with similar words Humpty-dumpty
Phonetician Studies speech sounds (specific)
Auditory phonetics How speech sounds are perceived; sounds recieved
Acoustic phonetics How speech sounds are made (physical properties);
how transmitted
Articulatory phonetics How speech sounds are produced through speech
organs (articulators); how sounds are produced
articulators Lips; teeth; tongue; alveolar ridge; hard and soft plate;
uvula; vocal cords
orthography The written system of the English language
phonology Sound patterning system, study of sound (abstract)
homophones Pronounced in same way but differ in meaning and Bare; bear
spelling
homonyms Pronounced or spelled the same but different meanings Bank(river); bank(money)
heteronyms Spelled same but different pronunciation Row(activity); row(fight)
homographs Spelled the same but differ in meaning Tear(rip); tear(cry)
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
phoneme Alphabet symbol sounds; smallest segment of a sound; a
together form sounds
Phonemic Representation of sound /a/
Phonemic transcription Not the actual articulation; in slanted /p/ or /t/
phonetic Study and classification of speech sound
Phonetic transcription Exactly how sounds are articulated; in square [p] or [a]
allophones
syllable Phonological unit – segments around central vowel; #
syllables = # of vowels
stress Emphasis placed on parts of word
intonation Tone and attitude
lexis Study of words a speaker/writer chooses to use
, morphology How words are formed; elementary units and rules of
combination
morphemes Smallest possible units that combine to form words Girl
Grammatical Function words; - prepositions, articles, pronouns And; because; is; I
morpheme
Lexical morphemes Carry content of message Car; boy; shop; girl
Free morphemes Carries meaning on its own; can’t be broken down Skin
Bound morphemes Doesn’t carry meaning when standing alone; but gives Skin(ny) -ly -ing -ise
critical meaning to base
Inflectional morphemes Don’t affect grammatical status of word – noun will Fish – fishes
stay a noun; suffix morpheme
Derivational Affect grammatical status; changes status from 1 word Skin – skinny
morphemes to another
affixes Morpheme attached to beginning/middle/end of word;
with grammatical function
prefix attached to front of root word
suffix Attached to end of root word Girlish
lemma The root word girl
Morphs Segments of a word form; illustrated by { }
allomorph More than one phonological realization; variant form of a/an; cats/catz
a single morpheme
dipthong Ai
cluster Lt
digraph Th gh
compounding Forming a word from two base forms; combination of 2 Bitter-sweet
morphemes
Endocentric Represent a subtype of the head Facecloth
Exocentric Subtype – but not represented in either Readhead
Coordinative Both elements are heads and contribute equally Bitter-sweet
conversion Word is used in a different form e.g. noun as verb Butter; butter bread
reduplication Compounding with similar words Humpty-dumpty
